Improving on nature

Question 1

Describe pituitary gland

Answer 1

Growth hormone follicle stimulating hormone, antidiuretic hormone
Stimulates growth, controls testes and ovaries, causes reabsorption of water in kidneys

Question 2

Describe thyroid gland

Answer 2

Thyroxine, raises BMR

Question 3

Describe adrenal gland

Answer 3

Adrenaline, raises BMR, dilates blood vessels, prepares body for action

Question 4

Describe pancreas

Answer 4

Insulin, lowers blood glucose conc

Question 5

Describe ovary

Answer 5

Oestrogen

Question 6

Describe testis

Answer 6

Testosterone

Question 7

Describe peptide hormones

Answer 7

Not able to pass through membrane easily as they’re charged
Bind to receptor on membrane
Activates a second messenger in cytoplasm
Functional second messenger activates enzymes on transcription factors

Question 8

Describe steroid hormones

Answer 8

Receptor inside cell, hormone binds to receptor

Hormone receptor complex acts as transcription factor

Question 9

Why are hormones produced in vesicles?

Answer 9

Important that cells in endocrine that make hormones aren’t affected by their products

Question 10

Whats the difference between endocrine and exocrine

Answer 10

Endocrine glands don’t have glands

Question 11

Define hormone

Answer 11

Chemical messengers released into the blood

Question 12

Describe creatine

Answer 12

Found in meat and fish
Increase large amounts of CP in muscles improving performance during short intense exercise
Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting

Question 13

Describe testosterone

Answer 13

Development of male sex organs
Characteristic changes - aggressiveness
Binds to androgen receptors and modify gene expression to alter development of cell
High BP fertility issues, kidney failure

Question 14

Dsecribe erythropoietin?

Answer 14

Peptide hormone produced by kidneys
Stimulates formation of RBC in bone marrow in response to low oxygen levels
also produced with DNA teachnology - treats anaemia
Too many RBC increases risk of thrombosis
Death

Question 15

Against using drugs

Answer 15

Illegeal, unfair advantage, health risks, not fully informed

Question 16

For using drugs

Answer 16

Up to the individual, drug free sport isn’t fair anyway

Question 17

Describe switching transcription off

Answer 17

• Protein repressor molecules attach to the promoter region on the DNA blocking attachment site for transcription factors and RNA polymerase. Or the protein repressor molecules can attach to the transcription factors.
• This prevents the formation of a transcription initiation complex

Question 18

Describe switching transcription on

Answer 18

• Associated protein transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind to the DNA producing a transcription initiation complex.
• This complex binds to a section of DNA adjacent to gene to be transcribed
• This section is called the promoter region
• When the transcription initiation complex attaches to the promoter region allowing transcription to occur

Question 19

Describe control of gene expression

Answer 19

• It is not just RNA polymerase that initiates transcription but a range of associated proteins known as transcription factors
• The result is sometimes known as a transcription initiation complex
• This binds to DNA adjacent to the gene to be transcribed in an area known as the promoter region
• Transcription can only occur when the complex has formed and correctly attached the DNA