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European History > Industrial Revolution > Flashcards

Industrial Revolution Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Charles Townshend

A

Invented crop rotation

Replaced nutrients in soil, allows enclosure, and farmers kicked off tenant farmers

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2
Q

Jethro Tull

A

Invented seed drill

Deposited seeds in rows

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3
Q

James Watt

A

Invented steam engine

Opened door to operating machinery and powered locomotives and steamboats

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4
Q

John Kay

A

Invented flying shuttle

Enabled weavers to work very quickly and efficiently

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5
Q

James Hargreaves

A

Invented spinning jenny

Spun many threads at one time

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6
Q

Abraham Darby

A

Used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron, resulting in better quality iron

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7
Q

Robert Fulton

A

Invented steam boat

Could travel rivers upstream

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8
Q

George Stephenson

A

Invented steam-powered locomotives

Could pull carriages along iron rails

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9
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Better hygiene in hospitals
Death rate of sick significantly dropped 60%=>2%
Founded worlds first school of nursing

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10
Q

Henry Bessemer

A

Steel making process
Still production dramatically increases
Steel becomes lighter, harder, and more durable than iron

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11
Q

Alfred Noble

A

Invented dynamite
Explosive much safer than others used at the time
Used in construction and warfare

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12
Q

Alessandro Volta

A

Invented battery

Provided energy

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13
Q

Thomas Edison

A

Invented lightbulb

Factories could keep working after dark

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14
Q

Alexander Graham

A

Invented telephone

People could communicate fast than with telegraphs

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15
Q

Guglielmo Marconi

A

Invented radio

Cornerstone of today’s global communications network

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16
Q

Luis Pasteur

A

Pasteurization and vaccines
Prevented people from getting a disease and dying
Pasteurization: heat up milk, saves many lives

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17
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Invented antiseptics

Sterilizing instruments and washing hands before operating reduced deaths from infection

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18
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Evolution and natural selection

Came up with idea that animals are naturally selected to survive by their fitness for survival

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19
Q

Gottlieb Daimler

A

Invented four-wheeled automobile

Transformed transportation

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20
Q

Henry Ford

A

Assembly line

Mass produced cares, which made US and leader in automobile industry

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21
Q

Enlclosure

A

Enclosed farms to prevent tenant farmers from farming during the off season

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22
Q

Textile

A

Cloth

Flying shuttle and spinning jenny dramatically changed textile industry

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23
Q

Middle Class

A

Men were lawyers, managers, accountants, …
Women didn’t work or take care of kids, went to tea parties
Children went to boarding/private schools
Appearance vs Reality, wanted to look rich, fake it till you make it
Lack of sympathy for lower class

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24
Q

Working Class

A

Men and women work, can’t read and write (eduction isn’t useful for them)
Children are at work or are watched over by bigger kids
Henry Ford’s impact: turned skilled worked into unskilled labor

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25
Factory
Placed where people worked | Made more boring by Taylorism
26
Frederick Winslow Taylor
Turned skilled work into unskilled labor
27
Luddites
Violent protesters Blowing up machines didn't really work because factory owners buy knew ones and eventually Luddites are arrested Punishment = death
28
Labor Unions
Organization of workers that collectively bargains and negotiates for better pay and working conditions
29
Methodism
Founder = John Wesley | Said to save your money, be thrifty when spending it, work hard, don't get fired, and stay sober
30
John Wesley
Founder of Methodism
31
Laissez Faire
Government does not get involved in business affaires | Part of capitalism
32
Capitalism
Belief that government should not interfere with economy and private cooper rations own mean of production
33
Adam Smith
Believed that a free market (no gov intervention) would help everyone, not just rich WELL HE WAS WRONG asshole
34
Thomas Malthus
Predicted that population would outpace food supply Only check on population were war, disease, and famine Inspired Darwin's theory of evolution As long as pop kept growing, people would suffer WELL HE WAS ALSO WRONG another asshole
35
Social Darwinism
``` Applied Darwin's theory of evolution to society Rich people were more fit than others War weeded out weak people and nations Victory = sign of superiority Encouraged racism ```
36
David Ricardo
Iron Law of Wages
37
Iron Law of Wages
Wages up, pop up, labor supply up, unemployment up, wages down, pop down, labor supply down, unemployment down, wages up and it repeats forever and ever
38
Utilitarianism
The goal of society should be to provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
39
Jeremy Bentham
Laws or actions should be judged by their motility (did they provide more pleasure than pain)
40
John Stuart Mill
Bentham's chief follower Believed gov should step in to improve hard lives of working class **women given the RIGHT TO VOTE No drastic change
41
Socialism
Workers as a whole, rather than private individuals, own and operate means of production
42
Utopias
Named after Sir Thomas More's book Utopia Believed in self sufficient communities, all work and property owned and shared by people, no difference between rich and poor
43
Robert Owen
Created a socialist community in New Lanark, Scotland
44
Marxism
Form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable
45
Karl Marx
Books: Das Kapital and Communist Manifesto | Believed in constant struggle between "haves" (bourgeoisie) and "have-nots" (proletariat)
46
Bourgeoisie
Haves | Upper and middle classes
47
Proletariats
Have-nots | Working class
48
Communism
Form of Marxism that says the government should own and operate the means of production
49
Imperialism
The domination of one country by another
50
Leopold II
First to conquer Africa From Belgium Violent, not a good person
51
Berlin Conference
European powers met here to decide how to divide up Africa
52
Italo-Ethiopian war
Ethiopia defeated Italy
53
Russo-Japanese War
Japan defeated Russia
54
Explain causes of Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution: crop rotation, seed drill, enclosure, sending tenant farmers into cities Population Explosion: people were staying alive and living longer (hygiene in hospitals, vaccines, antiseptics) Energy Revolution: STEAM ENGINE (steam boat, locomotive, also factories can be built anywhere), battery
55
What factors allowed Britain to industrialize first?
Had coal and iron Lots of new technology (ex spinning Jenny) A lot of capitalism to invest in factories Few laws prevent businesses from exploiting their workers
56
In what ways was middle class life diff from working class life
Mid had eduction, work did not Women don't do anything in mid, women work in work Mid is concerned about looking good/appearance, work is concerned about surviving
57
Why did Malthus and Ricardo argue against helping the poor?
Poor people had too many children and nature/society would eventually weed them out as the weak ones
58
How do socialists and Marxists differ on how equality will come about
Socialism: peaceful to arrive at equality Marxism: requires revolution to get to peaceful socialist starting point
59
Why did Europeans want to conquer lands in Africa and Asia?
Because the Americas were already taken Natural resources for factories New markets to trade with = $ Prestige: France has a lot of land in Africa, but most of it is desert (looks good on a map) Humanitarian resources: medicine, education, Christianity Social Darwinism: wanted to prove they're stronger and more fit
60
What were the effects of imperialism
On Africans and Asians: loss of independence and natural resources, railroads and postal systems created, some education and Christianization

European History (7 decks)

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