Industrial toxicants - Petroleum and Fluoride

Question 1

What are the petroleum products?

Answer 1

Crude oil

• sweet crude oil
• sour crude oil

Refined Petrolium products

• aliphatic hydrocarbons (gasoline, kerosine, methane, propane)
• aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and xylene)

Question 2

What are the uses of petrolium products?

Answer 2

Fuels
Solvents- paint thinners, engine degreaser, carrier for insecticide, pain and medications

Lubricant- motor oil, wax, asphalt

Question 3

T/F: both crude oil and refined products are highly irritant to mucous membranes

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Some oils contain chlorinated naphthalene (very stable) and can cause what in cattle?

Answer 4

Bovine skin hyperkeratosis

Question 5

What petrolium products are relatively non-toxic because of their poor absorption?

Answer 5

Products with high boiling points

-asphalt, mineral oil, or waxes

Question 6

What type of petroleum products are generally more pneumotoxic?

Answer 6

Low boiling points, low viscosity, low surface tension

Volatile compounds are generally more toxic because of greater absorption

Question 7

Which is more toxic, sweet crude oil or sour crude oil?

Answer 7

Sweet crude oil

Question 8

T/F: short chain aliphatics are very volitle and cause aspiration pneumonia

Answer 8

False

Short chain aliphatics are very volatile but low toxicity (methane, ethane, and propane)

Long chain aliphatics cause aspiration pneumonia (gasoline, kerosine, petroleum distalates)

Question 9

What is the order of toxicity of the chlorinated hydrocarbons?

Answer 9

Carbon tetrachloride > chloroform > tetrachloroethane > trichloroethylene > tetrachloroethalyene

Question 10

Aromatic hydrocarbons at 60ppm in air following prolonged exposure can cause ???

Answer 10

Bone marrow suppression

Question 11

What species are the most susceptible to petroleum products?

Answer 11

Cattle

Question 12

What species are highly susceptible to oil spills?

Answer 12

Aquatic wildlife and birds

Question 13

Where are petroleum products absorbed?

Answer 13

GI mucosa, intact skin, and inhalation (proportional to molecular weight)

Eg aromatic hydrocarbons are more readily absorbed than aliphatic hydrocarbons

Question 14

Where are aliphatic hydrocarbons metabolized and how?

Answer 14

Liver - oxidation

Question 15

How are aromatic hydrocarbons metabolized? Excreted?

Answer 15

Hydroxylation to phenols and carboxylic acids

Excreted as conjugated with glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid or as glycine in urine/bile

Question 16

T/F: volatile aliphatic hydrocarbons are partly excreted through the lungs

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is the MOA of petroleum products?

Answer 17

Aspiration pneumonia (ingestion causes vomiting-> aspiration) 
Inhalation causes chemical pneumonitis 

Direct irrational of GI mucosa

Systemic- CNS depression, bone marrow suppression, sensitization of myocardium

Question 18

What are the clinical signs of petroleum product toxicity?

Answer 18

Aspiration pneumonia - shivering, incoordination, anorexia, weight loss, fever, coughing, dyspnea, and abnormal lung sounds

Smell of oil or kerosene

Oil in feces 
CNS signs (depression)

Question 19

What are lesions caused by petroleum products?

Answer 19

Aspiration pneumonia
Ulceration of tracheal mucosa
Oil may be fund in bronchi or GI tract

Aliphatic hydrocarbons cause degeneration and necrosis in the liver and kidney

Question 20

What laboratory diagnostics can you use to determine petroleum toxicity?

Answer 20

detection in GI contents

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia —> aromatic hydrocarbons

Aspiration pneumonia on radiographs

Question 21

How do you treat petroleum product toxicity?

Answer 21

Removal of oil from surfaces with soap

Symptomatic support (respiratory support, antibiotics, fluid therapy, and blood transfusion)

Emetic and gastric lavage and glucocorticoids are contraindicated !!

Question 22

What are sources of fluoride toxicity??

Answer 22

Forages and pasture contaminated by industry

Feed and mineral supplements (minimum phos:fluoride ratio is 100:1)

Normal part of forages (esp legumes) and plants growing in fluoride rich soil

Question 23

Fluoride has a strong affinity for ???

Answer 23

Calcium, aluminum, and iron

Question 24

Is acute/chronic fluoride toxiciosis more common?

Answer 24

Chronic

Question 25

Toxic levels of fluoride for most large animals are 40-60ppm, what factors can increase toxicity?

Answer 25

Type of fluoride: sodium fluoride is more toxic than calcium fluoride Age: young animals more sensitive

Question 26

Where is fluoride mainly stored?

Answer 26

Bones and teeth Normal level is 1000-1500ppm

Question 27

Where is fluoride mainly excreted?

Answer 27

Urine

Question 28

What is the MOA of acute fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 28

``` Caustic on GI Hypocalcemia Coagulation defect Increased capillary permeability Inhibit many enzymes ```

Question 29

What is the MOA of chronic fluoride toxiciosis?

Answer 29

Alteration/delayed mineralization of teeth -damage ameloblast and odontoblasts —>brown black discolouration of defective enamel Alteration of bone mineralization -production of abnormal bone, osteoporosis

Question 30

What are the clinical signs of acute fluoride toxicosis?

Answer 30

Gastroenteritis - may be hemorrhagic, excessive salivation, and vomiting Urination and defecation CNS stimulation and clonic convulsive seizures Weight loss and decreased milk production Death from respiratory and cardiac failure

Question 31

What are the clinical signs of chronic fluoride toxicity?

Answer 31

Intermittent lameness with painful stiff gait Bony exostoses Spontaneous fractures Teeth with mottling and patchy loss of denting Brown colour around eroded areas in teeth Anorexia, emaciation rough hair coat, and reduced milk production/reproduction

Question 32

The main type of lesions found in acute fluoride toxicosis is _________, while chronic toxicosis lesions are mainly seen in ________

Answer 32

Hemorrhagic/congestion; bones and teeth

Question 33

What is the best specimens for chemical analysis of fluoride tox?

Answer 33

Bone Levels above 1500ppm are significant Elevated urine level suggests recent espouse Feed and water

Question 34

What is the DDX for fluoride tox?

Answer 34

Vit D deficiency | Parathyroid

Question 35

What is the treatment for fluoride tox?

Answer 35

Tolerance can be increased by balanced intake of Ca, phos, and vit D Aluminum salts, Ca carbonate, and defluorinated phosphate orally to form insoluble compound with fluoride in gut Feed/water containing excess fluoride can be diluted with uncontaminated feed or water