Intro/calculations

Question 1

Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs, what makes the difference ?

Answer 1

Dose

Question 2

What are xenobiotics?

Answer 2

Foreign chemicals that the body does not produce

Eg drugs and toxins

Question 3

What is the definition of toxicant ?

Answer 3

Any substance when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal

Question 4

What are natural sources of poisons?

Answer 4

Plant
Animal
Mineral
Fungi or bacteria

Question 5

What is a toxin?

Answer 5

Aka biotoxin

Poison from biological process (natural)

Question 6

What does it mean to be toxic?

Answer 6

To have deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons

Question 7

What is toxicity?

Answer 7

Amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects

Question 8

In mammals, toxicity is usually expressed as __________

Answer 8

LD50 (mg/kg BWt)

Question 9

In birds and fish, toxicity is usually expressed as _______

Answer 9

LC50 (mg/kg BWt or mg/liter water)

Question 10

________ toxicity is the effect of a single dose or multiple doses during at 24hr period

Answer 10

Acute

Question 11

________toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure from one to 30days

Answer 11

Subacute

Question 12

__________ toxicity is the effect of exposure from 30 to 90 days

Answer 12

Subchronic

Question 13

_________ toxicity is the effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months

Answer 13

Chronic

Question 14

What is chronicity factor?

Answer 14

The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50.

Compounds with cumulative effects have high chronicity factors

Question 15

A chronicity factor greater than 2 indicates?

Answer 15

Cumulative toxicant

Question 16

A toxin is considered extremely toxic if the toxic dose is ______

Answer 16

1mg/kg or less

Question 17

A toxin is considered highly toxic if the toxic dose is ______

Answer 17

1-50 mg/kg

Question 18

A toxin is considered moderately toxic if the toxic dose is ______

Answer 18

> 50-500mg/kg

Question 19

A toxin is considered slightly toxic if the toxic dose is ______

Answer 19

> 0.5-5 g/kg

Question 20

A toxin is considered practically nontoxic if the toxic dose is ______

Answer 20

5-15 g/kg

Question 21

A toxin is considered relatively harmless if the toxic dose is ______

Answer 21

> 15g/kg

Question 22

What is the highest non toxic dose?

Answer 22

Highest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations

Question 23

What is the maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose?

Answer 23

Similar to highest nontoxic dose

Question 24

What is the toxic dose low?

Answer 24

Lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

Question 25

What is the toxic dose high?

Answer 25

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this does will result in death

Question 26

What is the no effect level?

Answer 26

Aka maximum nontoxic level Is the amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness, or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period

Question 27

What is the lethal dose ?

Answer 27

Dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation

Question 28

LD0?

Answer 28

Highest dose that does not cause any death

Question 29

LD50?

Answer 29

Dose that kills 50% of animals in a group

Question 30

LD100?

Answer 30

Lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group

Question 31

___________ is the danger from the possibility of exposure

Answer 31

Hazard (risk)

Question 32

T/F: a poison can be highly toxic but not hazardous

Answer 32

True

Question 33

How is risk factor calculated?

Answer 33

Ratio between toxicity and use level

Question 34

1ppm = ______ mg/kg

Answer 34

1

Question 35

1ppm = _________mg(chemical)/mg(material)

Answer 35

1,000,000

Question 36

1ppm= _______ ug/kg

Answer 36

1

Question 37

1ppb = 1__/kg

Answer 37

ug

Question 38

1ppt=1__/kg

Answer 38

ng

Question 39

What is 1ppm in percentage ?

Answer 39

1ppm = 1mg/ 1000,000 = 0.000001 x 100 =0.0001%

Question 40

What is the calculation to make a diluted solution from concentrated stock solution ?

Answer 40

.mL needed from stock = % required dilution/%from stock x volume required in mL

Question 41

What is 100g/ton in ppm?

Answer 41

``` 100g/ton 1g/ton = 1000mg/2000lbs 1kg =2.205lbs 2000lbs x 1kg/2.205lbs = 907kg 1g/ton = 1000mg/907kg =1.1mg/kg 100g/ton = 110mg/kg or ppm ```

Question 42

You want a pig feed to contain 300ppm arsanilic acid as a growth promoter. How many grams are needed per ton?

Answer 42

100g/ton = 110ppm 300g/ton / 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton X= 300 x 100 / 110 X= 273g/ton

Question 43

A feed additive for piglets was added at concentration of 220ppm. How much is needed for 8 tons?

Answer 43

220ppm/ 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton 200 x 100 / 110 = 200g/ton 200g/ton x 8tons = 1600g or 1.6kg

Question 44

You want a feed additive for calves in the level of 80ppm. How much drug is needed for 10 tons?

Answer 44

80ppm/ 110ppm = Xg/ton / 100g/ton X= 80 x 100 / 110 X= 72.7g/ton x 10tons X= 727g

Question 45

How can you determine toxicity from the level of drug in a feed?

Answer 45

Toxicity (mg/kg) = ppm in feed x kg feed eaten daily / body weight in kg OR Toxicity (mg/kg) = ppm in feed x (% of feed consumed daily)

Question 46

If the toxic level of rug in feed is 50ppm for a 20lb pig, what is the toxicity if the pig eats 8% of its body weight?

Answer 46

Toxicity = 50ppm x 0.08 = 4mg/kg

Question 47

Toxicity of a new feed additive is 6mg/kg for young pigs. In chemical analysis, the level was 90ppm in feed. Would 90ppm be high enough to cause toxicosis, knowing that young pigs eat 8% of their body weight

Answer 47

Ppm = 6mg/kg / 0.08 = 75ppm Yes 90ppm is greater than the level required to cause toxicosis

Question 48

How can you express the level of lead in a poisoned dog as 0.8ppm in.. mg/100mL Ug/mL Mg%

Answer 48

0.8ppm = 0.8mg/kg (1kg=1litre) 0.8mg/kg= 0.8mg/L (1000mL /L ) 0.8mg/L = 0.8mg/1000mL **0.8mg/100mL =0.0008mg/mL (1mg=1000ug) **=0.8ug/mL **=0.08mg%

Question 49

On average, grazing animals consume about ___% of ther body weight green forage

Answer 49

3

Question 50

Good quality pasture will approximately produce ______g green forage per square food

Answer 50

45

Question 51

Every animal that ingests green forage that has been sprayed by a chemical at the rate of 1lb/acre, will be exposed to approx ____mg/kg body weight

Answer 51

7