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Infalmmation & Repair Flashcards

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1
Q

What do you call inflammation of brain parenchyma?

A

Encephalitis

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2
Q

What are the steps in the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation?

A

Margination, Rolling, Adhesion, Diapedesis, Chemotaxis

( MR ADi Chemo )

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3
Q

Which vasoactive amine causes arteriolar dilatation and increase in vanular permeability? Which cells predominantly produce it?

A

Histamine, Mast cells

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4
Q

Which cytokine functions to recruit neutrophils and monocytes?

A

IL-17

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5
Q

What is the abundant complement?
What does it gives rise to?
And what are the functions of its products?

A

C3
C3a - anaphylotoxin
C3b - opsonin

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6
Q

C1 inhibitor deficiency leads to what disease?

A

Hereditary Angioedema

( C1 rotate up 1 is eyes C is the angioedema )

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7
Q

C1 inhibitor deficiency leads to what disease?

A

Hereditary angioedema

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8
Q

What do you call a collection of activated macrophages , often with peripheral T-lymphocytes , and sometimes associated with central necrosis?

A

Granuloma

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9
Q

What is the most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

A

TGF-B transforming growth factor beta

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10
Q

Response of vascularized tissues to infections and damaged tissues that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed , in order to eliminate the offending agent?

A

Inflammation

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11
Q

The initial response to infections and tissue damage?

A

Acute inflammation

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12
Q

Inflammatory response of prolonged duration in which inflammation, tissue injury, and attempts at repair coexist in varying combinations.

A

Chronic inflammation

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13
Q

Restoration of tissue architecture and function after injury.

A

Tissue repair

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14
Q

Components of acute inflammation.

A
  1. Dilatation of small vessels.
  2. Increased microvascular permeability.
  3. Emigration of leukocytes and their activation.
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15
Q

Initial vascular response to injury?

A

Vasoconstriction

( constrict to stop bleeding if injury)

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16
Q

Most notable mediator that produces vasodilation; stored mast cells, platelets and basophils.

A

Histamine

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17
Q

Most common mechanism of increased microvascular permeability in acute inflammation.

A

Endothelial cell contraction

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18
Q

Morphological hallmarks of acute inflammation. (2)

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue
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19
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation? (4)

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Pus formation (abscess )
  3. Healing by fibrosis
  4. Progression to chronic inflammation
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20
Q

Steps in leukocyte recruitments ? (5)

A
  1. Margination
  2. Rolling
  3. Adhesion
  4. Transmigration
  5. Chemotaxis
    (MR ADi Chemo) Transmargination / Diapedesis
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21
Q

The process of leukocyte accumulation at the periphery of blood vessels.

A

Margination

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22
Q

Transient binding and detachment of leukocytes to the endothelium, mediated by selectins.

A

Rolling

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23
Q

Firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium; mediated by integrins.

A

Adhesion

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24
Q

The process of migration of the leukocytes through the endothelium , mediated by PECAM-1 / CD31.

A

Transmigration or Diapedesis

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25
Process of leukocyte migration toward **sites of infection or injury** along a **chemical** gradient ; mediated by exogenous or endogenous substances.
Chemotaxis
26
Type of inflammatory mediators that are normally sequestered in **intracellular** granules , and can be rapidly secreted by granule exocytosis, or are synthesized de novo in response to a stimulus eg. Histamine, Serotonin, Cytokines, and Arachidonic acid derivatives ( Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes)
Cell derived mediators
27
Type of inflammatory mediators that are produced mainly in the **liver** , and are present in the circulation as inactive precursors that **must be activated** by proteolytic cleavage to acquire their biologic properties eg. Complement , Coagulation, and Kinin Systems.
Plasma-derived mediators
28
Vasoactive amine found in **platelets and neuroendocrine cells,** causes vasoconstriction.
Serotonin
29
Most abundant complement.
C3
30
Complement that acts as an opsonin.
C3b
31
Anaphylatoxins (3)
C3a, C4a, C5a
32
Membrane attack complex. (5)
C5b, C6-C9
33
Deficiency of the following complement protein increases susceptibility to **infections** involving pyogenic bacteria?
C3 ( in-fec-tion has 3 syllables)
34
Deficiency of the following complement related protein causes **hereditary angioedema?**
C1 inhibitory deficiency
35
Deficiency of the following complement proteins increases susceptibility to **immune complex-mediated disease.** (3)
C1q, C2, and C4 ( I for One 1 , Im-mune 2 syllables, Im-mmune Com-plex 4 syllables)
36
Deficiency of the following complement proteins increases susceptibility to **Neisseria infections.**
C5-C9 ( NeisSERIA = neis56789 ) start to count 5 at the last S
37
Main cells involved in chronic inflammation?
1. Macrophages 2. Lymphocytes
38
Collections of activated macrophages, some of which from multinucleated giant cells, often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with central necrosis.
Granuloma
39
Two kinds of cells seen in granulomas.
1. Epithelioid cells 2. Giant cells
40
Precursor cell of epithelioid cells and giant cells.
Macrophage
41
Type of tissue whose cells can readily regenerate as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved eg bone marrow and vaginal epithelium.
Labile tissues
42
Type of tissue whose cells are quiescent and have only minimal replicative activity in their normal state; capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass eg. Smooth muscles, endothelium, and liver parenchyma.
Stable tissues
43
Type of tissue whose cells are considered to be terminally differentiated and are non-proliferative in in post natal life eg. Neurons and cardiac muscle.
Permanent tissues
44
Type of repair that happens in **labile and stable tissues**, influenced by growth factors.
Regeneration
45
Type of repair that happens in **chronic, severe inflammation, in stable tissues once replicative capacity is exhausted** (eg. In liver cirrhosis) and in permanent tissues.
Connective Tissue deposition
46
Steps in healing by connective tissue deposition.(3)
1. Angiogenesis 2. Formation of granulation tissue 3. Remodeling of the scar
47
Most notable growth factor in angiogenesis.
VEGF
48
Most important cytokine for synthesis and deposition of connective tissue.
TGF-B
49
Hallmark of repair.
Granulation tissue
50
Components of granulation tissue. (4)
1. Proliferation of fibroblasts 2. Loose connective tissue 3. Angiogenesis 4. Inflammation cells PLAI
51
Hematologic test that is a non-specific indicator of inflammation.
ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
52
23/M Medical technologist sustained a puncture wound from a needle stick during venipuncture. What is the initial vascular response?
Vasoconstriction
53
Type of cells considered to be naive cells and constitute the largest subpopulation of B cells.
Follicular B cells
54
Type of interleukin produced for **anti-viral defense.**
IL-2 (AnTWOviral )
55
Which of the following proteins that **assist the T cell receptor** functions as combatants of infection.
CD4+
56
Which cell type performs a phagocytic function.
Macrophage
57
Leucocytic cells that may be the main type of cell in allergic reactions.
Eosinophils
58
Which cell type performs a phagocytic function?
Macrophage
59
Microscopic finding of MI 0-4hrs?
None to variable waviness of the fiber
60
Microscopic finding of MI 1-3 days ?
Neutrophilic infiltrate
61
Microscopic finding of MI 3-7 days ?
Macrophage infiltrate
62
Microscopic finding of MI 1-2 weeks?
Granulation tissue
63
Microscopic finding of MI >2 months ?
Dense collagenous scar

Pathology (23 decks)

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