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Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Which carcinomas are special in that their main mode of metastasis is via hematogenous spread?

A
  1. Follicular Thyroid CA
  2. Choriocarcinoma
  3. Renal cell CA
  4. Hepatocellular CA
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2
Q

Too much exposure to aniline dyes can lead to which cancer?

A

Bladder urothelial CA

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3
Q

What proto-oncogene (when mutated) can lead to neuroblastoma?

A

N-MYC

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4
Q

An abnormal mass of tissue with excessive and uncoordinated growth compared to that of a normal tissues ; its growth persists after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the growth ; literally means new growth.

A

Neoplasm

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5
Q

Localized neoplasms with names usually ending with -oma, except lymphoma, seminoma, dysgerminoma, hepatoma and melanoma ( these are malignant neoplasm)

A

Benign neoplasm

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6
Q

Neoplasms that invade and destroy adjacent tissues?

A

Malignant neoplasms

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7
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin usually spread by Lymphatic route eg. Colorectal adenocarcinoma

A

Carcinomas

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8
Q

Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin, usually spread by hematogenous route, eg. Uterine leiomyosarcoma?

A

Sarcomas

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9
Q

Benign but disorganized appearance of tissue indigenous to a particular organ eg. Peutz -Jegher Polyp

A

Hamartoma

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10
Q

Cytologically and architecturally normal tissue in an ectopic location. Eg Ectopic gastric tissue in Meckel Diverticulum.

A

Choristoma ( Basically, Ectopia)

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11
Q

Extent to which neoplastic cells resemble their normal forebears morphologically and functionally.

A

Differentiation

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12
Q

Considered hallmark of malignancy , which literally means “ to form backward” , term used to describe cells with little or no differentiation.

A

Anaplasia

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13
Q

Disorderly cellular proliferation described as a loss in uniformity of individual cells and of their architectural orientation?

A

Dysplasia

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14
Q

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm.

A

Desmoplasia

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15
Q

Dysplastic changes that involve the entire thickness of the epithelium , without violation of the basement membrane?

A

Carcinoma in situ

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16
Q

Development of secondary implants discontinuous with the primary tumor in remote tissues, more than any other attribute , this identifies a neoplasm as malignant.

A

Metastasis

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17
Q

Next to metastasis , this is the most reliable feature that distinguishes malignant from benign tumors?

A

Local invasion

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18
Q

Top 3 common cancers in males?

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
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19
Q

Top 3 common cancers in females?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal = Uterine corpus
20
Q

Top 3 common cancers mortality in males?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Prostate
  3. Colorectal
21
Q

Top 3 common cancer mortalities in females?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast
  3. Colorectal = Pancreas
22
Q

Hallmarks of Cancer? (8)

A
  1. Self- sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals
  3. Altered cellular metabolism
  4. Evasion of apoptosis
  5. Limitless replicative potential (immortality)
  6. Sustained angiogenesis
  7. Ability to invade and metastasize
  8. Ability to evade the host immune response
23
Q

Normal cellular genes whose products promote cell proliferation; examples : RAS (most commonly mutated proto-oncogene in human cancers) and ABL (in MCL)

A

Proto-oncogenes

24
Q

Mutant or over expressed versions of proto-oncogenes that function autonomously without a requirement for normal growth-promoting signals .

A

Oncogenes

25
Q

Genes whose products apply brakes to the cell proliferation, abnormalities in such leads to carcinogenesis.

A

Tumor suppressor genes

26
Q

Governor of proliferation, a tumor suppressor gene that exerts anti-proliferative effects by controlling G1-S checkpoint in the cell cycle.

A

Rb

27
Q

Guardian of the genome, a tumor suppressor gene that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, Cellular senescence, and apoptosis , the most frequently mutated tumor-suppressor gene in human cancers, mutated in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.

A

p53

28
Q

Fermentative glucose metabolism by cancer cells , even in the presence of oxygen , which provides metabolic ingredients of synthesis of cellular constituents.

A

Warburg Metabolism

29
Q

Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness , anorexia, and anemia in cancer patients, mediated by cytokines (TNF, IL-1, IL-6, Lipid mobilizing factor)

A

Cancer cachexia

30
Q

Signs and symptoms not referable to the anatomic distribution , usually due to an ectopic hormone production by tumor cells eg. Ectopic ACTH Production (Cushing Syndrome) in small cell lung cancer, Hypercalcemia in squamous cell carcinoma ( due to PTHrp expression).

A

Paraneoplastic Syndrome

31
Q

Term used to describe the degree of differentiation based on histologic appearance of tumor eg. Gleason scoring in Prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Tumor grade

32
Q

Term used to describe the degree of localization/ spread of the tumor, usual criteria: location and size of the primary tumor, nodal status, and presence of distant metastasis, has more prognostic value than tumor grade. Eg AJCC cancer staging system TNM.

A

Tumor stage

33
Q

Conditions secondary to release of products of dying cancer cells during chemotherapy, characterized by hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuticemia, hypocalcemia.

A

Tumor lysis syndrome

34
Q

Which of the following malignancies has propensity for hematogenous spread?
a. Breast carcinoma
b. Prostatic CA
c. Sarcoma
d. Lymphoma

A

Sarcoma

35
Q

Mutation that leads to acquisition of cancer hallmarks?

A

Driver mutation

36
Q

Virus responsible for Burkitt’s lymphoma ?

A

Epstein Barr Virus

37
Q

Cancer correlated to urinary schistosomiasis, Schistosoma haematobium.

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder

38
Q

Percentage of alcoholics that will develop cirrhosis ?

A

10-15%

39
Q

Feature seen in prostatic adenocarcinoma?

A

Perineural spread of the tumor

40
Q

In meningomyeloceles , the route of infection to the nervous system is through ?

A

Direct implantation

41
Q

In performing biopsies on palpable lesions, which microscopic finding is more likely indicative that the lesion is malignant?

A

Invasion to adjacent tissues

42
Q

Metastasis of tumors of the kidney and liver can reach the heart ang pericardium through?

A

Hematogenous seeding

43
Q

Features of MEN 1.

A
  1. Primary tumors ( prolactin or GH)
  2. Pancreatic endocrine tumors
    - Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
    - Insulinomas
    - VIPomas
    -Glucagonomas (rare)
  3. Parathyroid adenomas
  4. Associated mutation of MEN 1
    -Tumor suppressor gene
    -Codes for menin
    -Chromosome 1 angiofibromas
    -Collagenomas
    -Meningiomas
44
Q

Features of MEN 2A .

A
  1. Parathyroid hyperplasia
  2. Medullary thyroid carcinoma - neoplasm of para follicular C cells, Secretes calcitonin, prophylactic thyroidectomy required
  3. Pheochromocytoma- secretes cathecolamines
  4. Associated with mutation in RET
    - Protooncogene
    -Codes for receptor tyrosine
    -Chromosome 10
45
Q

Features of MEN2B

A
  1. Medullary thyroid carcinoma
  2. Pheochromocytoma
  3. Mucosal neuromas A ( oral, intestinal, ganglioneuromatosis)
  4. Associated with *Marfanoid habitus** mutation in RET genes
46
Q

Diffuse Gastric Adenocarcinoma Features

A
  1. Not associated with H.pylori
  2. E-cadherin mutation
  3. Signet ring cells ( mucin filled cells with peripheral nuclei)
  4. Stomach wall is grossly thickened and leathery ( lintis plastica)

Pathology (9 decks)

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