infection

Question 1

Describe the phases of an acute infection and outline common signs & symptoms of infection

Answer 1

1. Incubation phase:
   Pathogen is replicated, no S+S
2. Prodrome:
   Pathogen replication is high, initial S+S – generally vague
3. Illness:
   Lots of pathogen, immune system is amping up defenses & beginning elimination
   S+S more severe and specific
4. Decline phase
   Immune defenses are reducing pathogen numbers
   Decline in S+S
5. Resolution:
   Immune system has eliminated pathogen
   S+S disappear

Question 2

Outline the benefits of fever during infection

Answer 2

• General S+S
• Fever = kill or inhibit pathogen growth
• Decreases iron and zinc availability
• Increase rate of chemical reactions
• Increase immune response

Question 3

Outline the methods of disease transmission

Answer 3

Three main ways:
1. Contact:
Direct contact
Indirect (from doors, handles)
Droplet
Vertical = pregnancy, labor and birth, breast feeding

2. Common vehicle
   Air
   Food
   water
3. Vector
   Bugs transmit pathogen

Question 4

Identify common methods of infection prevention & control, including mechanisms of microbe control

Answer 4

Prevention:
- Avoid transmission where possible
- Control microbe = hand washing, sanitizing/cleaning surfaces, sterilization
= Sterilization (microbe elimination), disinfection (reducing numbers on non-living things), antisepsis (reducing numbers on living tissue)
- Vaccines: exposes body to pathogenic foreign antigens (FA) to develop immune against that FA
- Anti-microbial drugs: anti-bacterial (anti-biotics), anti-fungal, anti-viral

Question 5

TB type, transmission, infection, s+S, treatment

Answer 5

• Bacteria: mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Transmission: droplet
• Infection: occur anywhere, mostly lungs,
  slow growing bacteria that produces a waxy coat
• Macrophages engulf bacteria but cannot destroy it but goes dormant
  = form fibrous tubercles (collections of macrophages with TB)
  /can be reactivated = tb disease = activates T cells = destroys lung tissue

S+S
- Fever
- Night sweats
- Decrease appetite/weight
- Cough
- Hemoptysis (coughing blood)

Treatment
- Multiple Antibiotics
- Vaccine available

Question 6

Covid 19 type, transmission, infection, s+S, treatment

Answer 6

• Virus (large virus family)
• Transmission: airborne and droplet, direct contact
• Infection: affects upper respiratory tract

S+S
-Similar to flu
-Fever
-Sore throat
-Fatigue
-Runny nose
-Coughing