Vascular

Question 1

Describe arteriosclerosis

Answer 1

Thickening of arterial walls due to plaque formation

Question 2

Two main cholesterol

Answer 2

• LDL = bad cholesterol, pro- atherogenic
• HDL = good cholesterol, anti-atherogenic

Question 3

pathophysiology of atherosclerosis

Answer 3

LDL’s in blood stream + damaged endothelium = macrophages releases chemicals = causing oxidation of LDL’s and engulf oxidized LDL’s = macrophages releasing more inflammatory chemicals = repeats cycle

= Once engulf enough oxidized LDL’s = macrophages become foam cells = multiple foam cells form a fatty streak in blood vessel wall = smooth muscle cell proliferate and migrate to fatty streak = produce collagen = forms plaque

Question 4

pathophysiology of peripheral artery disease

Answer 4

• Atherosclerosis within peripheral arteries
• Arterial narrowing/blockage = ischemia and possible tissue infarction (death) = pain, ulceration(tissue loss) , gangrene (infected dead tissue)

Question 5

S+S of peripheral artery disease

Answer 5

• skin changes
• ulcers
  -decrease pulse
• pain

Question 6

pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis

Answer 6

Thrombus abnormally formed = localised inflammation = may resolve OR 3 ways causes of DVT

Endothelial damage (possibly due to smoking, surgery)

Blood stasis= decrease blood flow/increase blood pooling (e.g. immobility, damaged valves, dehydration)

Hypercoagulation = increase clotting activity (e.g. pregnancy, coagulopathies)

Question 7

Risk factor of DVT

Answer 7

after localised formation-
may become organised = infiltrate blood vessel wall = may become dislodged

Question 8

pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism,

Answer 8

Due to blood clot embolism (DVT that becomes dislodged)

Embolus eventually blocks pulmonary artery/arterials due to being too big

Question 9

Small embolism S+S

Answer 9

Cough

Pain

SOB

Increase RR

Increase HR

Question 10

Large s+S

Answer 10

hemodynamic compromise

Shock, respiratory or cardiac failure