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Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Name 7 clinical markers of infection

A
  1. Low BP
  2. raised blood glucose
  3. high ESR (erythrocye sedimentation rate)
  4. high CRP
  5. high temp
  6. high RR
  7. high pulse
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2
Q

what abx are contraindicated/should be avoided in children?

A

tetracyclines contraindicated in <12yrs
quinolones cause arthopathy

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3
Q

what abx should be avoided in elderly and why?

A

clindamycin due to high C. diff risk

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4
Q

what abx are nephrotoxic?
what drugs should you avoid in renal impairment (what are the exceptions)?

A

aminoglycoside, glycopeptide
avoid tetracyclines except minocycline/doxycycline
avoid nitrofurantoin in eGFR <45ml/min

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5
Q

what abx can be hepatotoxic?
what abx needs to be reduced in hepatic impairment?

A

rifampicin, tetracyclines
reduce metronidazole if severely impaired

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6
Q

what abx can increase risk of cholestatic jaundice?

A

co-amoxiclav, flucloxacillin

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7
Q

what abx should be avoided in pregnancy ? MCAT QS

A

metronidazole
chloramphenicol
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
quinolones
sulphonamides

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8
Q

what abx are most likely to cause antibiotic-resistant colitis and thrush?

A

clindamycin and broad spectrum abx

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9
Q

what abx to treat staphlococci?

A

flucloxacillin

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10
Q

what abx to treat MRSA?

A

vancomycin

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11
Q

what abx to treat streptococci?

A

benzylpenicllin or phenoxymethypenicillin

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12
Q

what abx to treat anaerobic bacteria?

A

metronidazole

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13
Q

what abx to treat pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

gentamicin

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14
Q

Describe clindamycin (MoA? wide/narrow spec?, bacterostatic or bacteriosidal)

A
  • inhibits protein synthesis
  • narrow spectrum
  • bacteriostatic
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15
Q

whats the difference between bacteriostatic and bacteriosidal?

A

bacteriosidal kills bacteria whereas bacteriostatic inhibts growth

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16
Q

what should patients on clindamycin do if they have diarrhoea and why?

A

stop immediately and see GP - antibiotic associated colitis, c. diff

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17
Q

Describe Linezolid (MoA? wide/narrow spec?, bacterostatic or bacteriosidal)

A
  • inhibits protein synthesis
  • narrow spec (only active against gram-positive)
  • bacteriostatic
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18
Q

give 2 examples of gram-positive bacteria linezolid is active against?
what’s it an alternative to?

A

MRSA (alternative to vancomycin), anaerobes

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19
Q

what are the 2 safety warnings you should counsel patients on linezolid on?

A
  1. optic neuropathy if used longer than 28 days, counsel pt on signs of visual impairment and new visual symptoms
  2. blood disorders (thrombocytopenia, anaemia, leucopenia) in those receiving more than 10- 14 days, pre-exisitng myelosuppression, recieivng drugs that may have adverse effects on Hb, blood count, plt function, severe renal impairment - must monitor FBC weekly
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20
Q

what should you do if significant myelosupression occurs whilst on linezolid?

A

stoptreatment unless considered essential

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21
Q

if a pt has recently been on SSRI, TCA, MAOI and needs linezolid what interval must you leave and why?

A

leave 2 weeks due to interactions and risk of hypertensive crisis

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22
Q

what class of drug is linezolid?
therefore what must you counsel the pt to avoid?

A

reversible MAOI
avoid consuming large amount of tyramine

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23
Q

whats the MoA of trimethorprim?
narrow or broad? Bacertiostatic or bactericidal?

A

inhibits DNA synthesis
narrow spectrum
bactericidal

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24
Q

what the most common indication and dose for trimethoprim?

A

UTIs
200mg BD

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25
T/F trimethorpim is safe in pregnancy
false - is teratogenic (folate antagonist) in first trimester
26
in what pt group is trimethoprim contraindiacted (this is also a long term use risk of trimethoprim, pt should be counselled)
blood dyscracsias counsel on fever, sore throat, rash, mouth ulcers
27
what does trimethoprim do to potassium
raises it - causes hyperkalaemia
28
Chloramphenicol MoA? Broad or narrow spec? bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
inhibitis protein synthesis, broad spec, bacteriostatic
29
is chloramphenicol routinely used? what are the bad side effects?
no - reserved for life threatening infections blood dyscrasias and grey baby syndrome so avoid in pregnancy
30
Metronidazole MoA, broad or narrow? Bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
inhibits DNA synthesis narrow spec (higher activity againsr anaerobic and protozoa) bactericidal
31
why must patients avoid alcohol with metronidazole?
casuses dislfiram-like reaction, will make pt sick
32
name 4 common SE of metronidazole
GI distrubances, taste disturbance, oral mucositis, furred tounge
33
Nitrofurantoin MoA? Broad or narrow? Bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
damages bacterial DNA narrow spec (only urinary pathogens) bactericidal
34
can nitrofurantoin be used in pregnancy?
no - neonatal haemolysis
35
what can nitrufuranotin do to urine?
turn it yellow/brown
36
whats the MoA of aminoglycosides? Broad or narrow? Bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
bind irrversibly to bacterial ribosomes broad spec bactericidal
37
what organism are aminoglycosides particualy active against?
pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative aerobe)
38
name 5 aminoglycosides (ANTS G)
Amikacin - gent resistance Neomycin - bowel sterilsation Tobramycin - CF Streptomycin - reserved for TB Gentamicin
39
why are aminoglycosides given IV?
not absorbed by gut
40
what 5 pt types must you determine serum concentration of gentamicin in?
1. elderly 2. obestity 3. cystic fibrosis 4. when using high doses 5. renal impairment
41
what should you do with gentamicin if post-dose 'peak' level after 1 hour is to high? what range of levels are you looking for usually and in endocarditis?
reduce the dose 5 - 10mg/ml 3 - 5 mg/ml in endocarditis
42
what should you do with gentamicin if the pre-dose 'trough' level before the next dose is to high? what pre-dose levels do we look for normally and in endocarditis?
increase the dosing interval, keep dose the same <2mg/ml <1mg/ml for endocarditis
43
how should you dose gentamicin in renal impairment? what if the renal impairment is severe (<30ml/min)
increase the dosing interval in renal impairment, in severe impairment reduce the dose
44
what are the main SE of gentamicin?
nephrotoxicity irreversible ototoxicity most common in elderly pt and in renal failure as renally cleared.
45
what are the sign of nephrotoxicity in gentamicin?
low urine output/creatine clearance, high serum creatinine, urea
46
what drugs interact with gentamicin increases the risk of ototoxicity?
loop diuretics, cisplatin
47
what's the MHRA advice related to gentamicin?
potenial for histamine related adverse drug reactions with some batches - some batches may contain histamine residual from manufacturing process - monitor for signs of histamide related reactions
48
what does gentamicin do to electrolytes?
hypO K, Ca, Mg
49
name 3 glycopeptides
vancomycin teicoplanin televancin
50
glycopeptide MoA? broad or narrow? Bactericidal or bacterostatic?
inhibit cell wall synthesis narrow spec (gram +ve inc MRSA) bactericidal
51
what pre-dose (trough) levels do you look for when monitoring vancomycin normally and in endocarditis or complicated S. aureus?
10 - 15mg/ml 15 - 20mg/l for endocarditis
52
name 6 SE of vancomycin when given parenterally
1. nephrotoxicity 2. ototoxicity 3. red-man syndrome 4. blood dyscrasias 5. skin disorders 6. thrombophlebitis
53
Tetracylinces MoA? Broad or narrow? bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis (binds 30s subunit) broad spec bacteriostatic
54
what tetracylcine is used in malaria and chlamydia OD?
doxyxycline
55
what SE should you consel patients about?
benign intracrainal hypertension - tell pts to stop in headache and visual disturbances
56
what are the contraindications related to tetracyclines?
children under 12 pregnancy & breastfeeding - depost in growing bone and teeth cause teeth discolouration and dental hypoplasia
57
Tetracyclines should be avoided in renal impairment except which 2?
doxycycline and minocycline (rarely used)
58
are tetracyclines advised in hepatic impairment?
no as hepatotoxic
59
what are the 4 counselling points with doxycycline?
1. avoid sun exposure (photosensitivity) 2. do not take antacid 2 hours before/after taking (decreased absorption) 3. avoid milk 4. swallow whole with plenty of fluid Oesophageal irritation)
60
what are the 3 counselling points for tetracycline?
1. don't take antacid 2 hours before/after (decreased absorption) 2. avoid milk 3. swallow whole with glass of water
61
what counselling point is given for all tetracyclines?
avoid indiegestion remedies 2 hours before/after
62
Quinolones MoA? Broad or narrow? Bacteriostatic or cidal?
inhibit DNA synthesis broad spec bactericidal
63
what are the common uses of quinolones?
lower RTIs, UTIs
64
name 4 quinolones
ciprofloxacin levofloxacin moxifloxacin ofloxacin
65
what are the 4 key SE associated with quinolones?
1. seizures 2. tendon damage, stop if tendonitis suspected 3. QT prolongation (especially moxifloaxacin) 4. arthtopathy \9joint disease) - avoid in pregnancy, children, adolescent
66
what are 3 key interactions associated with quinolones?
1. increase QT prolongation (SSRI, amiodarone, macrolide, antipsychotics) 2. increased risk of seizures with ciprofloaxacin and theophylline 3. NSAIDs induce convulsions
67
what are 3 key counselling points with certain quinolones?
1. driving - quinolones can impair performce of skilled tasks 2. antacid - leave 2 hours, avoid milk with cipro and norflaxacin 3. protect from sunlight - ofloxacin
68
Macrolides MoA? Broad or narrow? Bacteriostatic or bactericidal?
inhibits bacterial protein synthesis (inhibits 50S) broad spec bacteriostatic
69
name 3 common macrolides and how many times a day they're given and what counselling advice you should give
1. azithromycin - OD dosing - before food/ 2hour gap with indigestion remedies 2. Clarithromycin - BD - taste disturbances 3. Erythromycin - QDS/BD - 2 hour gap with indigestion remedies all = take with or after food
70
what factors increase a pt's risk of QT prolongation?
bradycardia, heart disease, hypO K, hypO Mg, concomitant QT prolongation drugs
71
what class of abx can cause ototoxcity at high doses?
macrolides
72
Do macrolides have a risk or nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity?
hepatotoxicity
73
Erythromycin and Clarithromycin are potent enzyme inhibitors - name 2 common interactions to look out for
1. warfarin - increased risk of bleeding 2. statins - increased risk of myopathy
74
Penicillin and cephalosporins: MoA, broad or narrow? bacteriostatic or cidal?
interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis broad bactericidal
75
what penicillins are more narrow spec and beta-lactamse sensitive?
benzylpenicillin phenoxymethylpenicillin
76
T/F penicillin can be given as intrathecal injection
false - risk of encephalopathy, cerebral irritation can be fatal
77
T/F you should stop penicllin if a rash occurs lasting up to 72 hrs
false - continue in non-serious penicllin allergy
78
what happens if you give penicillins for sore throats?
maculopapular rash in glandular fever
79
what penicillin has a high resistance rate?
ampicillin
80
name the penicllin that can only be given parenterally.
benzylpenicillin
81
what penicillin is used to treat strep throat?
phenyoxymethlypenicllin Pen V
82
what 2 penicillins are antipseudomonal?
piperacillin with tazobactam ticaricillin with clavulanic acid
83
name the 1st generation cephalosporins (cefa)
cefalexin cefadroxil cefradine
84
name the 2 2nd generation cephalosporins ( 2 foxes for tea)
cefuroxime cefaclor
85
name the 4 3rd generation cephalosporins (contain t except one)
1. cefixime 2. ceftriaxone 3. cefotaxime 4. ceftazidime
86
what route are 3rd generation cephalosporins given?
parenteral
87
if someone is penicllin allergic and there are no other alternatives, what generation of cephalosporin can you give?
3rd generation of cefuroxime

Pre-reg (47 decks)

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