Infection and response

Question 1

Communicable disease

Answer 1

Can be spread from person to person by pathogens

Question 2

Non communicable disease

Answer 2

Can’t spread from person to person

Question 3

Health

Answer 3

The state of physical and mental well being

Question 4

What can cause illhealth?

Answer 4

Communicable/ noncommunicable disease
Poor diet
High stress levels
Life situations eg working with dangerous chemicals (eg radiation)

Question 5

What can diseases cause in terms of other disease?

Answer 5

Getting one can increase chance of being infected by another, eg HIV increases risk of TB
One can actually cause another disease eg HPV can cause cervical cancer
A mental illness
An allergy

Question 6

Pathogen

Answer 6

Microorganisms that cause disease

Question 7

Pathogens list

Answer 7

Bacteria
Virus
Protists
Fungi

Question 8

How bacteria makes us ill

Answer 8

Once inside, they reproduce quickly
They release toxins that damage tissue and makes us ill

Question 9

How virus makes us ill

Answer 9

Can’t reproduce by themselves so they require entering inside a host cell
Reproduces inside the cell which bursts
Allowing them to spread across the body

Question 10

How do pathogens spread

Answer 10

In the air inside water droplets
Directly in water (drinking it)
Spread by direct contact with infected people:
Sexually transmitted
Sharing needles

Question 11

How to reduce spread of pathogens

Answer 11

Basic hygiene ie washing hands
Clean drinking water
Using condoms during sex
Isolating patients
Vaccination

Question 12

What can viruses not be affected by?

Answer 12

Antibiotics

Question 13

Examples of virus

Answer 13

Measles
HIV

Question 14

Measles symptoms

Answer 14

At first = fever
3 days = red skin rash

Question 15

What spreads measles?

Answer 15

Droplets when infected person coughs/sneezes
When a person inhales it = infected

Question 16

Effects of measles

Answer 16

Damage to breathing system and brain
Death

Question 17

How to stop spread of measles

Answer 17

Vaccination of children when young

Question 18

HIV symptoms

Answer 18

Flu like illness at first
Deteriorating the immune system

Question 19

What spreads HIV

Answer 19

Exchanging bodily fluids between people:
Unprotected sex
Sharing needles

Question 20

Effects of HIV

Answer 20

Virus begins attacking cells of immune system
Immune system so badly damaged it can’t fight off less severe infections
Unable to fight off cancer

Question 21

How to treat HIV

Answer 21

Antiretroviral drugs taken for rest of life
Stop virus from multiplying inside the patient so doesn’t damage the immune system
Doesn’t develop AIDS

Question 22

examples of bacteria

Answer 22

Salmonella
Gonorrhoea

Question 23

What can kill bacteria?

Answer 23

Antibiotics

Question 24

What causes salmonella?

Answer 24

Ingesting infected food
Eg in unprepared conditions

Question 25

Symptoms of salmonella

Answer 25

Fever Abdominal cramps Vomiting Diarrhoea

Question 26

How to prevent spread of salmonella

Answer 26

Use hygienic food preparation conditions such as washing knife after using it on chicken Vaccinating poultry against it

Question 27

What spreads gonorrhoea?

Answer 27

Sexually transmitted

Question 28

How to treat gonorrhoea

Answer 28

Use antibiotics to treat it at first

Question 29

How to prevent spread of gonorrhoea

Answer 29

Condom during sex stop bacteria passing through Treat with antibiotics before they spread it again

Question 30

What type of pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 30

Protist

Question 31

How is malaria (protist) spread?

Answer 31

Infected person is bitten by a mosquito (vector) Malaria pathogen spreads to mosquito Mosquito bites someone else = they get infected

Question 32

Vector

Answer 32

The thing that carries the protist pathogen from one person to another

Question 33

How to prevent spread of malaria

Answer 33

Prevent breeding of mosquitoes By draining areas of still water where they breed Spray those areas with insecticides Prevent them biting humans eg mosquito nets

Question 34

Types of defence systems the body has against pathogens

Answer 34

Non specific defence systems Immune system

Question 35

Non specific defence system job

Answer 35

Prevent pathogens actually entering the body

Question 36

Main parts of non specific defence system

Answer 36

Skin Nose Cilia Stomach

Question 37

Skin as a defence system

Answer 37

Forms protective layer covering the body Consists of dead cells pathogens can’t penetrate Produces oily substance sebum that kills bacteria

Question 38

What happens if skin is cut?

Answer 38

Pathogens could enter the body Platelets form scab so they can’t enter

Question 39

Nose as a defence system

Answer 39

Contain hair and mucus that trap them before entering our breathing system

Question 40

Cilia as a defence system

Answer 40

If the pathogen enters the nose/breathing system The trachea and bronchi lined with hairs called cilia Covered in mucus to trap pathogen then waft it to throat Which swallows it to stomach

Question 41

Stomach as a defence system

Answer 41

Contains HCl To kill pathogens before they get further into digestive system

Question 42

Why do we have an immune system AND a non specific defence system

Answer 42

Because sometimes the non specific defence system doesn’t stop the pathogen entering our systems So we need a system to fight them once we are infected