Reproductive Cycle

Question 1

Male reproductive hormone

Answer 1

Testosterone produced by testes

Question 2

Testosterone

Answer 2

Stimulates testes to produce sperm

Question 3

Female reproductive hormone

Answer 3

Oestrogen produced by ovaries

Question 4

Ovulation

Answer 4

Eggs maturing in the ovaries then released

Question 5

Menstrual cycle

Answer 5

Every 28 days when an egg matures, is released
And either fertilises or leaves the body as a period

Question 6

Day 1-7 of menstrual cycle

Answer 6

When the period happens
Unfertilised egg and uterus lining leaves the body

Question 7

Day 8-11 of menstrual cycle

Answer 7

Lining of uterus rebuilds to become thick and spongy
Egg begins to mature

Question 8

Day 12-15 of menstrual cycle

Answer 8

A mature egg is released from ovary (ovulation)

Question 9

Day 16-20 of menstrual cycle

Answer 9

Egg travels through fallopian tube to the uterus
As the uterus wall builds up

Question 10

Day 21-28

Answer 10

Egg remains in uterus and waits for a sperm so it’s fertilised

Question 11

FSH

Answer 11

Causes an egg to mature in ovary

Question 12

LH

Answer 12

causes matured egg to now be released in ovulation

Question 13

Oestrogen and progesterone

Answer 13

Maintains uterus lining that develops in case of fertilised egg

Question 14

Where is FSH released?

Answer 14

Pituitary gland

Question 15

Journey of FSH

Answer 15

Produced in pituitary gland
Travels in blood (plasma) to ovaries where it causes egg to mature
Triggers production of ovaries to make oestrogen (release)

Question 16

When is oestrogen produced?

Answer 16

When FSH travels to ovaries it triggers ovaries to make oestrogen

Question 17

Oestrogen journey

Answer 17

Produced in ovaries to maintain uterus lining
Also stops pituitary gland protecting any more FSH to stop maturing of egg (inhibition)
Then triggers release of LH to release the egg (release)

Question 18

What stops the production of FSH?

Answer 18

Oestrogen

Question 19

LH journey

Answer 19

Produced in pituitary gland
Which travels to ovaries to begin production of progesterone

Question 20

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 20

In the ovaries

Question 21

Progesterone journey

Answer 21

Stops release of LH so no more ovulation
Keeps lining of uterus thick for fertilised egg in case it develops
If pregnancy happens, released by placenta so no more period whilst pregnant

Question 22

What decreases progesterone levels?

Answer 22

If the woman doesn’t become pregnant

Question 23

Summary of menstrual cycle hormones

Answer 23

Level of FSH rises triggering ovaries to release oestrogen
As oestrogen level increases, it inhibits production of FSH so it falls
Oestrogen also triggers release of LH
LH triggers ovulation here so the ovary now releases progesterone to maintain uterus lining
However if fertilisation doesn’t happen, progesterone falls and period is had

Question 24

Contraception

Answer 24

Means of preventing pregnancy

Question 25

How do birth control pills work?

Answer 25

Contains hormone which prevents body producing FSH So the egg will not mature

Question 26

Advantages and disadvantages of birth control pill

Answer 26

Adv = highly effective if taken correctly Disadv = must be taken every day, many side effects, forgetting to take it = risk of pregnancy

Question 27

How do implants, skin patches or injections work?

Answer 27

Contains progesterone which prevents maturing and release of egg because it inhibits ovulation

Question 28

Adv or disadv of skin patches, injections or implants?

Answer 28

Adv = more convenient than daily pill as they last Disadv = side effects

Question 29

Main disadv of birth control/ implants/ injections/ skin patches?

Answer 29

Not protected against STI

Question 30

Physical Contraception name

Answer 30

Barrier

Question 31

Barrier contraception examples

Answer 31

Condom or diaphragm

Question 32

How do barrier contraceptions work?

Answer 32

Prevent sperm reaching egg, not using hormones

Question 33

Condom advantages

Answer 33

Highly effective if used correctly No side effects as they don’t use hormones Protective against STIs

Question 34

Condom disadvantages

Answer 34

Can break or fall off

Question 35

Diaphragm advantages

Answer 35

No side effects Effective

Question 36

Spermicides

Answer 36

Kill or disable cell so chance of fertilisation reduced

Question 37

IUD

Answer 37

Small T shape that is inserted into uterus to prevent embryo implanting Releases hormones to prevent fertilisation

Question 38

IUD advantages

Answer 38

Few side effects Highly effective

Question 39

IUD disadvantages

Answer 39

No protection against STIs

Question 40

Surgical contraception name

Answer 40

Sterilisation

Question 41

How does sterilisation work in women?

Answer 41

Prevents egg from reaching uterus

Question 42

How does sterilisation work in men?

Answer 42

Prevents speed leaving penis

Question 43

Advantages of sterilisation

Answer 43

Highly effective

Question 44

Disadvantages of sterilisation

Answer 44

Hard to reverse = must be sure of having no children No protection against STIs

Question 45

Most fertile time during menstrual cycle

Answer 45

During ovulation Days 8-11

Question 46

Natural contraception

Answer 46

Not having sex when woman is most fertile aka during ovulation

Question 47

Disadvantages of natural contraception

Answer 47

Difficult to tell when woman is actually ovulating Not effective to prevent STIs

Question 48

Fertility treatments

Answer 48

Fertility drug IVF

Question 49

Fertility drug

Answer 49

Injected with FSH and LH hormones so woman will ovulate more than usual Thus increases fertility time

Question 50

IVF stages

Answer 50

Mother treated with FSH and LH to mature + release several eggs Eggs are collected and sperm from father is collected Fertilised together in a lab Then develop into embryos inserted back into the uterus and develop normally

Question 51

IVF advantages

Answer 51

Gives a woman chance to have a baby on its own

Question 52

IVF Disadvantages

Answer 52

Can lead to multiple births Stressful for parents Physically tiring for the mother when egg is collected and inserted back in Not high success rate Not all embryos will be transferred into the mother, some destroyed and may be unethical Expensive