Infection and Response

Question 1

What are the four types of pathogen?

Answer 1

• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Protists
• Fungi

Question 2

What is the difference between a communicable and a non-communicable disease?

Answer 2

A communicable disease is infectious disease while a non-communicable disease is not

Question 3

What is the definition for a pathogen?

Answer 3

A microorganism which can cause an infectious disease

Question 4

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

Answer 4

They produce toxins which damage tissue

Question 5

How do viruses make us feel ill?

Answer 5

They reproduce inside cells causing cell damage

Question 6

Name 3 example of viral diseases

Answer 6

• Measles
• HIV
• Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

Question 7

What are the symptoms of measles ?

Answer 7

• Symptoms of fever

- Red skin rash

Question 8

How severe is measles?

Answer 8

Measles is a serious illness which can be fatal

Question 9

Is there a cure or a vaccine to measles?

Answer 9

There is no known cure however a MMR vaccine is used to young children

Question 10

How is measles spread?

Answer 10

By air by inhaling droplets from sneezes or coughs

Question 11

What are the symptoms of HIV?

Answer 11

Flu-likesymptoms

Question 12

What can HIV lead to?

Answer 12

If not treated with antiretroviral drugs HIV can develop into AIDS and attack the immune system

Question 13

Is there a cure or a vaccine to HIV?

Answer 13

Neither, however antiretroviral drugs can be given to combat the virus

Question 14

How is HIV spread?

Answer 14

By sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

Question 15

What are the symptoms of TMV?

Answer 15

• Mosaic pattern discoloration on a plant’s leaf

- Smaller plant

Question 16

What can TMV lead to?

Answer 16

Stunted plant growth

Question 17

Name 2 examples of bacterial diseases

Answer 17

• Salmonella

- Gonorrhoea

Question 18

What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

Answer 18

• Fever
• Abdominal cramps
• vomiting
• diarrhoea

Question 19

How can salmonella be treated and is there a vaccine?

Answer 19

Directly treated with antibiotics; poultry vaccination to control the spread of the disease

Question 20

How is salmonella spread?

Answer 20

Ingesting ill-prepared or unhygienically produced food ingesting the bacteria

Question 21

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

Answer 21

• Yellow or green discharge from sex organs

- Pain when urinating

Question 22

How can Gonorrhoea be treated?

Answer 22

Directly treated with antibiotics (penicillin) or protection via use of contraception

Question 23

How is Gonorrhoea spread?

Answer 23

Spread by sexual contact

Question 24

Name a fungal disease

Answer 24

-Rose black spot

Question 25

What are the symptoms of Rose black spot?

Answer 25

- Purple or black spots develop on the leaves - Yellowing leaves dropping early - Stunted growth

Question 26

How can Rose black spot be treated?

Answer 26

Directly treated with fungicides and prevented by removing infected plants

Question 27

How is Rose black spot spread?

Answer 27

Spread via spores in the wind or water

Question 28

Name a protist disease

Answer 28

Malaria

Question 29

What is the vector for malaria?

Answer 29

Female mosquitoes

Question 30

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer 30

Recurrent fever

Question 31

What can malaria lead to?

Answer 31

Death

Question 32

How can malaria be treated?

Answer 32

Lariam- a drug which kills the protist

Question 33

How can malaria be prevented?

Answer 33

Stopping the vector from biting humans; mosquito nets can be used

Question 34

How does the skin protect the body?

Answer 34

Physical barrier to prevent damage as well as oils secreted to kill microbes

Question 35

How does the nose protect the body?

Answer 35

Nasal hair keep out dust and larger microorganisms while mucus traps dust and microbes

Question 36

How does the stomach protect the body?

Answer 36

Highly acidic stomach acid destroys microorganisms which enter the gut

Question 37

How do the trachea and bronchi protect the body?

Answer 37

Mucus traps dust and microbes before being carried away by cilia, tiny hairs, which line the walls of the trachea and bronchi

Question 38

Name the two types of white blood cell

Answer 38

- Phagocytes | - Lymphocytes

Question 39

What is the role of phagocytes?

Answer 39

- To ingest and absorb pathogens or toxins | - Release enzymes to destroy pathogens or toxins

Question 40

What is the role of lymphocytes?

Answer 40

- Bind to and destroy pathogens - Clump pathogens together - Produce antibodies and antitoxins

Question 41

How do antibodies work?

Answer 41

It is a protein with a chemical fit to an antigen to neutralise the pathogen

Question 42

How do antitoxins work?

Answer 42

They stick to a toxin and stop it from damaging the body

Question 43

How do vaccines work?

Answer 43

By stimulating white blood cells to produce the correct antibodies for an inactive form of the illness. Thus, the immune response will be much greater when a hostile form of the disease enters the body.

Question 44

Name an antibiotic

Answer 44

Penicillin

Question 45

How do antibiotics work?

Answer 45

They kill infective bacteria within the body; specific antibiotics are more effective versus different bacteria

Question 46

What is the problem with using antibiotics?

Answer 46

Bacteria develop a resistance to strains of antibiotics making them ineffective

Question 47

Why is it difficult to produce a drug to combat a virus?

Answer 47

Most drugs that would kill the virus would also combat and damage tissue within the body

Question 48

What do painkiller not do?

Answer 48

Kill pathogens

Question 49

Where does the heart drug digitalis originate from?

Answer 49

Foxgloves | Plant

Question 50

Where does aspirin originate from?

Answer 50

Willow

Question 51

Where does penicillin come from?

Answer 51

Penicillium mould

Question 52

Where is the starting point for all drugs?

Answer 52

Chemical extraction from a substance (usually a pant)

Question 53

What are drugs tested for?

Answer 53

- Toxicity - Efficacy (desired result) - Dose

Question 54

Why are preclinical trials used?

Answer 54

By testing on cells, tissues and live animals before humans pharmaceutical companies can reduce the risk to human life

Question 55

What occurs in clinical trials?

Answer 55

- Low dosage tests for efficacy - Dosage test to find optimum - double blind trials to ensure the effect is not a placebo

Question 56

In terms of ions stunted growth in plants is as a result of what?

Answer 56

Nitrate deficiency in the soil

Question 57

In terms of ions chlorosis in plants is as a result of what?

Answer 57

Magnesium deficiency in the soil

Question 58

What are the physical defences of a plant?

Answer 58

- Cellulose cell walls - Waxy cuticles on leaves - Dead cells around a stem (bark)

Question 59

What are the chemical defences of a plant?

Answer 59

- Antibacterial chemicals | - Poisons

Question 60

What are mechanical defences of a plant?

Answer 60

- Thorns and hairs - Leaves which droop or curl - Mimicry