Organisation

Question 1

Name the stages of tissue from cells to organism

Answer 1

Cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms

Question 2

What are enzymes?

Answer 2

A substance which catalysis a reaction

Question 3

How do enzymes catalyze specific reactions?

Answer 3

Each enzyme has a different shape active site

Question 4

What affects the rate at which enzymes react?

Answer 4

• Temperature

- Acidity/Alkalinity

Question 5

What is the lock and key theory of enzymes?

Answer 5

An enzyme’s active site acts as a personal lock, when a substance has an identical shape it fits like a key into the lock allowing a reaction to take place at the active site.

Question 6

What are the three groups of enzyme?

Answer 6

• Carbohydrase (e.g. amylase)
• Lipase
• Protease

Question 7

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 7

• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Small intestine

Question 8

Where is protease produced?

Answer 8

• Stomach
• Pancreas
• Small intestine

Question 9

Where is lipase produced?

Answer 9

• Pancreas

- Small intestine

Question 10

What are the uses of carbohydrases?

Answer 10

Carbohydrates into simple sugars

e.g (amylase) starch into sugars

Question 11

What are the uses of proteases?

Answer 11

Proteins into amino acids

Question 12

What are the uses of lipases?

Answer 12

Lipids (fats) into glycerol or fatty acids

Question 13

What are the uses for the products of reactions with enzymes?

Answer 13

• Respiration
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins

Question 14

Where is bile stored and produced?

Answer 14

Produced in Liver; stored in the gall bladder

Question 15

What are the uses of Bile?

Answer 15

• Neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach
• Emulsify fat; increase surface area
• Alkaline property to help lipid breakdown with lipase

Question 16

How are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

Answer 16

• Increased surface area; alveoli

- Good blood supply

Question 17

How are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange?

Answer 17

• Fold increase surface area
• One cell thick walls; minimise distance of diffusion
• Good blood supply

Question 18

What is each side of the heart responsible for?

Answer 18

Left ventricle…
blood to the body
Right ventricle…
blood to the lungs

Question 19

Name the 4 key blood vessels around the heart and their function.

Answer 19

• Aorta; blood to the body
• Vena cava; blood from the body
• Pulmonary artery; blood to the lungs
• Pulmonary vein; blood from the lungs

Question 20

Where are the pacemakers and what is their function?

Answer 20

Right atrium, controls heart rate

Question 21

What are the three types of blood vessel?

Answer 21

• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

Question 22

What does blood contain?

Answer 22

• Plasma
• Red blood cells
• White blood Cells
• Platelets

Question 23

What is the function and adaptations of a red blood cell?

Answer 23

Carries oxygen to and carbon dioxide from cells

• biconcave; surface area
• haemoglobin; carry oxygen
• no nuclease; carry more oxygen

Question 24

What is the function of a white blood cell?

Answer 24

Protect from disease

Question 25

What is the functionof Platelets?

Answer 25

Allows blood to clot

Question 26

What is the function of plasma?

Answer 26

Transports dissolved substances | e.g hormones, antibodies, water, glucose, etc.

Question 27

What is coronary heart disease?

Answer 27

Build up of fat narrowing arteries- constricting blood flow from the heart

Question 28

What mechanical treatments are there to coronary heart disease?

Answer 28

Stents- push the artery out to keep it open

Question 29

What chemical treatments are there to coronary heart disease?

Answer 29

Statins- reduce blood cholesterol and slow rate at which fat is deposited

Question 30

Problems with a faulty heart valve?

Answer 30

Blood can backflow damaging blood vessels and organs

Question 31

Pros and Cons of artificial valves

Answer 31

``` Pro... Can last a lifetime Con... Cause blood clotting Damage red blood cells ```

Question 32

Pros and Cons of biological valves

Answer 32

Pro... Do not damage red blood cell Con... Requires replacement as the valve harden over several years

Question 33

What are the uses of artificial hearts?

Answer 33

To keep patients alive whilst waiting for a biological heart transplant

Question 34

What is the definition of health?

Answer 34

One's physical and mental well being

Question 35

What is the definition of disease?

Answer 35

A major cause of illness

Question 36

What are the types of disease and its effects?

Answer 36

- Immune defects; greater risk of future infection - Virus; risk of triggering cancer - Immune reaction; bodily response - Physical ill-health; adversely affect mental health

Question 37

What is a causal mechanism?

Answer 37

Something that is proven to cause an increase in risk.

Question 38

What is obesity a risk factor of?

Answer 38

Type 2 diabetes

Question 39

What is alcohol a risk factor of?

Answer 39

Adverse liver and brain function

Question 40

What does smoking effect?

Answer 40

Lung disease and lung cancer

Question 41

What should expecting mothers not do?

Answer 41

Smoke or drink

Question 42

What are the effects of Carcinogens?

Answer 42

Increased risk of cancer

Question 43

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 43

An abnormal growth usually contained within a membrane

Question 44

What is a malignant tumour?

Answer 44

An abnormal growth which invades other tissues via the blood

Question 45

What are the epidermal tissues?

Answer 45

A thin transparent layer of cells in the top of the leaf to protect the palisade cells

Question 46

What are the palisade mesophyll?

Answer 46

A layer of cells at the top of the leaf which absorb light

Question 47

What are the spongy mesophyll?

Answer 47

A layer cells containing air allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse throughout the leaf and increase surface area