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FOUNDATIONS 310 > Infection Prevention > Flashcards

Infection Prevention Flashcards

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1
Q

5 non specific natural defenses with examples

A
  1. anatomic : skin
  2. mechanical : cilia
  3. chemical : acidity of secretions
  4. local tissue factors: inflammation
  5. WBC fxn: fever and phagocytosis
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2
Q

Neutrophil

A

Granulocyte

  • phagocyte
  • link in generating fever
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3
Q

Eosinophil

A

Granulocyte

-allergic rxn

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4
Q

Basophil

A

Granulocyte

  • unknown fxn
  • contain heparin and histamine in granules
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5
Q

T lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte

  • synthesis of immunoglobulins
  • stimulate B lymphocyte
  • 3 types: helper, killer, suppressor
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6
Q

B Lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte

  • synthesis of antibodies
  • humoral immunity
  • stimulated by T lymphocyte Helper T
  • form memory cells
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7
Q

Monocytes

A

Agranulocyte

  • “Macrophage”
  • dispose of cellular debris
  • increase in late stage infection/chronic infection
  • increase in response to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection
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8
Q

What is goal of inflammatory response?

A

contain microorganisms when there is injury

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9
Q

What are the 5 signs of LOCAL inflammation

A
  1. erythema
  2. warmth
  3. edema
  4. pain
  5. functional impairment
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10
Q

What are the 5 signs of SYSTEMIC inflammation

A
  1. fever
  2. leukocytosis
  3. malaise
  4. sepsis
  5. anorexia
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11
Q

What changes in routine vital signs with increase in inflammatory response?

A

Increase: heart rate, RR, temp

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12
Q

Temp change correlated to heart rate

A

1 degree celsius increase means heart rate increase 10 BPM

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13
Q

4 types of immunity

A
  1. cellular
  2. humoral
  3. active
  4. passive
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14
Q

Cellular immunity

A

t cell maintain a memory of an antigen for rapid response

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15
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

B lymphocyte remain in lymphoid tissue and respond if antigen comes back

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16
Q

Active immunity examples

A
  • natural (get sick)

- vaccination

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17
Q

Passive immunity

A
  1. placenta to fetus
  2. breast milk to newborn
  3. direct transfusion (monoclonal anitbodies and covid)
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18
Q

Endotoxins are released by which antigen?

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

What does a compromised immune system mean?

A

Low WBC count- inability to fight off infection

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20
Q

What do endotoxins do?

A

Trigger inflammatory response into overdrive

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21
Q

5 things that compromise the host?

A
  1. impaired skin integrity
  2. impaired mechanical fxn
  3. inadequate nutrition
  4. prolonged stress
  5. medicine or medical problems
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22
Q

impaired skin integrity examples

A
  1. injury to skin
  2. surgical incision
  3. invasive device
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23
Q

impaired mechanical fx and infection prevention examples

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. trach
  2. sedation
  3. smoking
24
Q

Prolonged stress and infection prevention

Study These Flashcards
A

-CORTISOL which leads to HYPERGLYCEMIA which leads to increase bacterial growth

25
medications that increase infection
chemo, steroids, improper use of antibiotics
26
4 stages of infection
1. incubation 2. prodromal 3. acute 4. convalescence
27
incubation
- pathogen enters | - initial symptoms
28
prodromal
-vague nonspecific sxs: nausea, fever, weakness, aches/pain
29
acute phase
- specific symptoms - usually test here - symptom resolution - lab tests
30
convalescence phase
- antibodies formed | - body returns to normal
31
sepsis =
severe infection that reached blood stream
32
Endotoxin and sepsis
endotoxin leads to shock and makes it harder to profuse all of the organs endotoxins → inflammatory response → shock → hypotension
33
early symptoms of sepsis =
systemic inflammatory response syndrome hypothermia ( T < 36C) or hyperthermia (T >38C) HR >90 RR >20 (tachypnea) or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg WBCs >12,000 or WBCs <4,000 (cells per microliter) need 2 or more to be called SIRS
34
systemic inflammatory response syndrome temp
T > 38 or < 36 C
35
systemic inflammatory response syndrome heart rate
HR >90 BPM
36
systemic inflammatory response syndrome RR
RR >20 OR PaCO2 <32mmHg
37
systemic inflammatory response syndrome WBC
WBC >12,000 or <4,000 units
38
How many need to qualify for systemic inflammatory response syndrome
2 or more
39
Location of pain indicates.....
location of infection
40
UTI - urine looks like...
cloudy, whitish, yellowish, purulent
41
Abscess =
pocket or purulent drainage
42
What sxs occur when small or large intestine is inflamed from pathogen?
- diarrhea | - increase peristalsis or hyperactive bowel sounds
43
What is leukocytosis
increase WBC count
44
Neutrophils are normally ____% of WBC
50
45
Higher # of Neutrophils =
body is fighting infection well
46
Shift to left =
more immature granulocytes (bands) to fight infection - neutrophils are depleted - chronic or severe infection
47
Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)
- reduced by chemo | - patients must take additional precautions if low: "neutropenic precautions"
48
Neutropenic precautions
- limit visitors - pt wear mask out of room - gentle oral care, no flossing - no razors - no rectal temp - no stagnant water/flowers/potted plants - avoid crowds - hand hygeine - visitor wear mask/gown/gloves
49
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- increased with infection | - impacted by other factors so not for diagnosis alone
50
Lactate
* sepsis indicator - anerobic metabolism, decreased O2 to tissue - lactate changes occur before hypotension sets in from shock
51
situations that call for obtaining cultures when an infection is suspected
- productive cough - invasive line - purulent drainage - parasites
52
Peak level
- highest amount of drug | - shortly after drug administered
53
Trough level
- lowest level of drug | - right before dose is administered
54
Why do we get peak and trough levels for antibiotics?
-prevent oto and nephro toxicity
55
When is trough level drawn?
30 minutes before next dose
56
Shivering paradox
-anything cold makes someone shiver so giving cold drink when having a fever will only make them warmer
57
Common nursing diagnosis that almost anyone will have
risk for infection

FOUNDATIONS 310 (28 decks)

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