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Infectious Disease - Specific Findings Flashcards

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1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

A

Gram positive cocci arranged in clusters

Catalase positive - increased susceptibility in granulomatous disease

Coagulase positive - coagulase cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin causing clotting and formation of fibrin clot around infection leading to abscess thayer

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2
Q

Red Man Syndrome

A

Drug reaction to rapid infusion of Vancomycin mediated by non-specific degranulation of mast cells; characterized by diffuse flushing / erythematous rash of the face, neck, and upper torso

Prevented with slower infusion and pre-treatment with anti-histamines

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3
Q

Thayer-Martin agar

A

AKA VPN Media

Chocolate agar plate suffused with vancomycin (inhibits gram positive organisms), polymixin (inhibits gram negative organisms except for Neisseria), and nystatin (inhibits fungi); suppresses the growth of endogenous flora while supporting growth of N. gonorrhoeae

Gold standard for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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4
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

A

Used to culture mycobacterium tuberculosis

Selects against gram positive bacteria in respiratory flora

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5
Q

MacConkey agar

A

Used to culture lactose-fermenting enteric bacter (E. coli, Klebsiella) commonly found in UTIs

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6
Q

Bordet-Gengou (Potato) agar

A

Used to culture Bordetella Pertussis

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7
Q

Erythema migrans

A

Red bullseye rash, specific for early phase of Lyme disease

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8
Q

Roth spots

A

Round, white spots on the retina, surrounded by hemorrhage

Associated w/ bacterial endocarditis

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9
Q

Janeway lesions

A

Small, painless, erythematous lesions on palms or soles

Associated with bacterial endocarditis

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10
Q

Thumbprint sign

A

Thickening of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds

Associated with epiglottitis, often caused by H. flu

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11
Q

UTI - Urine Labs

A

+ Leukocyte Esterase (Bacterial)
+ Nitrites (Gram negative)
+ Urease (Klebsiella, Proteus)
- Urease (E. coli, enterobacter)

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12
Q

Morulae

A

“Berry-like” cytoplasmic inclusions in macrophages / neutrophils

Associated with Erlichosis (Erlichia Chaffeensis infection)

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13
Q

Charcoal yeast extract agar

A

Gold standard for growth of Legionella (i.e. respiratory legionellosis / Legionnaire’s disease)

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14
Q

Strawberry cervix

A

Associated with trichomonas vaginalis

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15
Q

Pneumonia in neonates (< 4 weeks) - Common pathogens

A

Group B. Strep

E. coli

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16
Q

Pneumonia in children - Common pathogens

A 
Viruses (RSV) 
Mycoplasma
C. trachomatis (infants - 3 years) 
C. pneumoniae (school-aged children)
S. pneumoniae
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17
Q

Pneumonia in adults (18-40, 40-65)) - Common pathogens

A

Mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

+ in older adults (40-65)
H. influenzae
Anaerobes
Viruses

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18
Q

Pneumonia in the elderly - Common pathogens

A 
S. pneumoniae 
Influenza virus
Anaerobes
H. influenzae
Gram negative rods
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19
Q

Black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar

A

Corynebacterium diptheria (gram positive rod)

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20
Q

HBsAg / anti-HBsAg

A

HBsAg = HBV surface antigen; indicates active HBV infection

Anti-HBsAg indicates immunity to HBV

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21
Q

HBcAg

A

HBcAg = HBV core antigen

Anti-HbcAg (IgM) = acute / recent infection

Anti-HbcAg (IgG) = prior / chronic infection

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22
Q

HbeAg

A

HBeAg = HBV core antigen which is a marker of active viral replication / high transmissability

anti-HbEAg - indicates low transmissability

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23
Q

CSF findings in Polio

A

Elevated WBCs, slightly elevated protein

Normal glucose

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24
Q

Histologic findings in chlamydia conjunctivitis

A

Epithelial cells of the conjunctival lining show basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, which are representative of the organism C. trachomatis itself

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25
"Violin string" adhesions
Adhesions between the liver capsule and the peritoneum Seen in "Fitz-Hugh-Curtis" syndrome - infection of the liver capsule by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhea secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease
26
Common causes of meningitis - Newborn (0-6 months)
Group B streptococci E. coli Listeria
27
Common causes of meningitis - Children (6 months - 6 years)
S. pneumoniae N. meningitidis H. influenza Enteroviruses (esp. Coxsackievirus)
28
Common causes of meningitis in adolescents and adults (6 - 60 years)
S. pneumonia N. meningitidis (#1 in teens) Enteroviruses HSV-2
29
Common causes of meningitis in the elderly (60+)
S. pneumoniae Gram negative rods Listeria
30
Viral causes of meningitis
``` Enteroviruses (esp. Coxsackievirus) HSV-2 HIV West Nile Virus VZV ```
31
Pulmonary Aspergillosis - CT and culture findings
CT shows "air crescent sign" - represents the presence of air between Aspergillus-infected and normal tissue Culture shows 45-degree branching septated hyphae with rare fruiting bodies
32
Most common cause of osteomyelitis - in general?
S. aureus
33
Most common cause of osteomyelitis - in IDUs and diabetics?
Pseudomonas | Serratia
34
Most common cause of osteomyelitis - in Sickle Cell Anemia?
Salmonella
35
Most common cause of osteomyelitis with vertebral involvement (Pott's Disease)?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
36
Most common cause of osteomyelitis with prosthetic joint involvement?
S. aureus | S. epidermidis
37
Most common cause of osteomyelitis in sexually active adults?
N. gonorrhea
38
Koplik Spots
Blue/white lesions of the buccal mucosa Seen in primary measles infection
39
Cowdry A Inclusion Bodies
Seen in biopsies of Varicella Zoster (Shingles) lesions Appear as intranuclear, eosinophilic inclusions surrounded by a clear halo
40
Bordatella Pertusis - Culture requirements
Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
41
Bacterial meningitis - Most common organisms in young adults (2)
Strep pneumo | N. meningiditis
42
Red pigment observed in UTI culture - what's the pathogen?
Serratia - gram negative bacillus commonly causing nosocomial UTI
43
Clue Cells
Vaginal epithelial cells coated in bacteria (Gardenella vaginalis) Classic microscopic finding of bacterial vaginosis
44
Bacterial pneumonia occurring secondary to influenza - most common pathogens? (3)
Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus H. influenzae
45
Neonatal conjunctivitis - how to differentiate 2 common causes?
Presents as inflammation, swelling around the eyelids, and purulent yellow discharge Chlamydia trachomatis - sx begin 5-14 days after birth Neisseria gonorrhoeae - sx present 2-5 days after birth
46
CMV Retinitis
Presents with rapidly diminishing sight - loss of central vision with floaters and blind spots Fundoscopic exam demonstratates necrotizing retinitis, perivascular hemorrhages, and retinal detachment
47
Maculopapular rash on the palms & soles - Associated diseases
Secondary syphilis Cocksackie A virus Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
48
Which bacterial exotoxins work by ADP-ribosylation of EF-2?
Diptheria Pseudomonas
49
What is the mechanism of Shiga toxin, and in which diseases is it seen?
Shiga toxin inactivates ribosomes, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death Causes hemolytic uremic syndrome including renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, DIC, thrombocytopenia Seen in Shigella infection and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
50
"Slapped cheeks"
AKA erythema infectiosum - blanchable erythema on the cheeks with perioral pallor Seen in "Fifth Disease" caused by Parvovirus B19; rash appears after fever has resolved
51
"Strawberry tongue"
Scarlet fever Kawasaki Disease Toxic Shock Syndrome
52
Flavivirus
Enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus ``` HCV Yellow Fever Dengue St. Louis encephalitis West Nile Virus ``` Part of the Arbovirus classification (except HCV)
53
Filoviruses
Enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA Virus Ebola Marburg
54
Paramyxoviruses
Enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA Viruses Parainfluenza RSV Measles Mumps
55
Rhabdoviruses
Enveloped, single stranded, negative sense RNA virus Rabies
56
Picornaviruses
Non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus Rhinovirus Poliovirus
57
Coronaviruses
Enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA Viruses SARS MERS
58
Orthomyxoviruses
Enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA virus genome in 8 segments Influenza
59
Bunyavirus
Enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus California encephalitis Hantavirus
60
Romana Sign
Unilateral periorbital swelling Characteristic of the acute phase of Chagas Disease
61
Urease positive organisms
``` Staphylococcus Ureaplasma Proteus Klebsiella Pseudomonas ```
62
Is candida germ tube positive or germ tube negative?
Germ tube positive
63
Special stain for identification of Bartonella henslae
Warthrin-Starry stain shows gram-negative proteobacterium

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