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EBC 2 Midterm > Inferential Statistics > Flashcards

Inferential Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Data from samples are used to make inferences about what?

A

Populations

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2
Q

Researchers make what about an entire population based on smaller number of observations?

A

Generalization

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3
Q

If many different samples were taken from a population, it would produce what?

A

Distribution of sample means

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4
Q

If different samples were taken an infinite number of times it would be called what?

A

Sampling Distribution

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5
Q

What can be inferred from the sample?

A

Population Mean

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6
Q

The speed of means around the mean of a sampling distribution is called?

A

Standard Error of the Mean (SEm)

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7
Q

The standard error of the mean can be estimated from what?

A

Sample

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8
Q

SEm is higher when?

A

Sample SD is Large

Sample Size is Small

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9
Q

SEm is lower when?

A

SD is Small

Sample Size is Large

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10
Q

What type of SEm is preferred?

A

Smaller because it’s more precise

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11
Q

What is a range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter that is being estimated?

A

Confidence Interval (CI)

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12
Q

The probability that this range of values contains the population parameter is typically what?

A

95%

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13
Q

One can have a 95% confidence that the value of the true mean lies within the what?

A

Calculated Interval

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14
Q

What are the steps to calculating a CI?

A
  1. Find the Z-score
  2. Multiply Z-score by SEm
  3. Add product to sample mean to find upper limit of CI
  4. Subtract product from sample mean to find lower limit
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15
Q

What is related to the size of the sample and the size of the data variation?

A

Size of CI

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16
Q

A small sample and large variation causes what?

A

Larger CI

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17
Q

A large sample and small variable causes what?

A

Smaller CI

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18
Q

What is an assumption that appears to explain certain events, which must be tested to see whether it is true?

A

Hypothesis

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of hypothesis?

A

Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

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20
Q

Hypothesis testing involves what?

A

Comparison of means of groups in an experiment

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21
Q

What is the objective of the hypothesis tests?

A

Find out whether they are significantly different from each other.

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22
Q

What will verify is the hypothesis is real?

A

Statistical Tests

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23
Q

The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between what?

A

Group Means

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24
Q

The research hypothesis is accepted only if the null hypothesis is what?

A

Proves to be unlikely

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25
Q

What is unlikely to be due to chance?

A

Results of a study

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26
Q

Statistical significance at a specified probability level is referred to as?

A

Alpha

27
Q

Statistical significance must be at least 95% unlikely that the null hypothesis is true before what?

A

It can be rejected

28
Q

P values must be equal to or less than 5% in order for results of a study to reach a level of what?

A

Statistical Significance

29
Q

The level of significance is NOT the same as?

A

P Value

30
Q

The P value is calculated at the end of the study and must be

A

Statistical Significance

31
Q

What is it called when researchers perform a lot of statistical tests on their data?

A

Fishing

32
Q

Fishing increases the chance that at least one of the tests will do what?

A

Wrongly reach statistical significance

33
Q

What type of error occurs when rejecting a true null hypothesis?

A

Type I error

34
Q

What type of error occurs with a failure to reject a false null hypothesis?

A

Type II error

35
Q

The probability of making a type I error is equal to the value of?

A

Alpha

36
Q

The probability of making a type II error is equal to the value of?

A

Beta

37
Q

As alpha becomes smaller, the chance of making a type I error does what?

A

Decreases

38
Q

What is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis?

A

Power

39
Q

Power depends on what?

A

Sample Size
Magnitude of difference between group means
Value of alpha

40
Q

Power increases as sample size?

A

Increases

41
Q

What power value is sought out by researchers?

A

0.80

42
Q

If the value specified as the difference between group means in the null hypothesis is included in the 95% CI, then the null hypothesis should?

A

NOT be rejected

43
Q

If 0 is not included in the 95% CI, the null hypothesis should?

A

be rejected

44
Q

What determines the probabilities associated with relationships in studies?

A

Statistical Tests

45
Q

What are examples of statistical tests?

A

T-test
ANOVA
Chi-Square

46
Q

What is used to find out whether the means of the two groups are statistically different?

A

T-Test

47
Q

T-test only indicates what?

A

Means are different

48
Q

The t-test can be used for a single group by comparing the mean with what?

A

Known Values

49
Q

The data of a t-test should be normal and involve what?

A

Interval or Ratio Measurement

50
Q

What are alternative to the t-test?

A

Mann-Whitney U Test

Wilcoxon Test

51
Q

With a paired t-test the groups are?

A

Dependent

52
Q

ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to compare means when more than 2 groups are involved and repeating t-test will increase the probability of?

A

Producing Type I error

53
Q

ANOVA can only compare what?

A

One outcome variable

54
Q

ANOVA provides information about whether there are any significant differences among the what?

A

Group Means

55
Q

What are the assumptions of an ANOVA test?

A

Normally distributed data
Independent groups
Variances of groups equal

56
Q

Comparison groups compare group pairs and include?

A

Tukey
Bonferroni
Scheffe

57
Q

What test is used to test hypotheses involving categorical data?

A

Chi-square Test

58
Q

What are the 2 versions of the chi-square test?

A

Chi-square goodness of fit

Chi-square test of independence

59
Q

The chi-square goodness of fit is called that because it tests whether observed frequencies fit against what/

A

Expected Frequencies

60
Q

A chi-square table is used to see if the results are?

A

Statistically significant

61
Q

df is the number of categories minus

A

1

62
Q

What test involves frequencies of one variable that is compared with another to see if they differ significantly?

A

Chi-square test of independence

63
Q

What is used for a chi-square test of independence?

A

2x2 contingency table

EBC 2 Midterm (9 decks)

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