Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 EMS MoD > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

A basic pathological process
Its a non specific initial reaction to tissue damage
Stereotyped irrespective of the aetiology - no matter what tissue or what kind of damage the response is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 causes of inflammation?

A

1) Tissue death

2) Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a pyogenic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that on infection cause acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the term pyogenic mean?

A

Pus-forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute inflammation is caused by a noxious agent, what 3 outcomes can come from acute inflammation?

A

1) Cells can regrow and heal by regeneration
2) Cells cannot regrow so the tissue has to be healed by repair
3) The damaging agent is not ‘sorted out’ by the acute inflammation so persists leading to chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is suppuration and when does it occur in terms of the cycle of inflammation?

A

Suppuration is the formation of pus (accumulation of inflammatory cells)
Occurs if the damaging agent persists and can lead to further acute inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 purposes of acute inflammation?

A

1) Clear away dead tissues
2) Locally protect from infection
3) Allow access of immune system components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 ‘cardinal signs’ of inflammation? (latin and english)

A

1) Heat - calor
2) Redness - rubor
3) Pain - dolor
4) Swelling - tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is redness a sign of inflammation?

A

Get vascular dilatation which leads to redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is heat a sign of inflammation?

A

Due to vascular dilatation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is swelling a sign of inflammation?

A

Occurs because of inflammatory exudate in tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 macroscocpic terms used to describe inflammation?

A

1) Serous
2) Fibrinous
3) Purulent
4) Pseudomembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is serous inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation characterised by the copious effusion of non viscous serous fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is fibrinous inflammation?

A

Exudative inflammation where there is a disproportionately large amount of fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is purulent inflammation?

A

Inflammation accompanied by the formation of pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is pseudomembranous inflammation?

A

A form of exudative inflammation. Large amounts of fibrin in the exudate results in a membrane like structure covering the serous or mucous membrane of the acutely inflamed tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 components of an acute inflammatory response? Describe them briefly

A

1) Vascular reaction - dilatation, changes in flow
2) Exudative reaction - formation of inflammatory exudate
3) Cellular reaction - migration of inflammatory cells out of vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name 2 possible systemic effects of inflammation?

A

1) Pyrexia

2) Acute phase reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name a protein thats levels in the blood can quantify the severity of an infection?

A

C reactive protein made in the liver as part of inflammatory reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What 3 components are there to the vascular reaction component of acute inflammation?

A

1) Microvascular dilatation (there is an intial transient vasoconstriction but this is not clinically significant)
2) Initially increased flow then reduced flow (because of increased permeability, more goes in than comes out)
3) Increased permeability (mediated and non mediated)

21
Q

Why may you get non mediated increased permeability of blood vessels in an acute inflammatory reaction?

A

Inflammation may be due to damage to endothelial cells of the vessels - in which case the damage would have caused increased permeability to the vessels

22
Q

Name 5 of the inflammatory mediators which lead to increased vascular permeability?

A

1) Histamine - released from mast cells
2) Bradykinin
3) NO
4) Leukotriene B4
5) Complement compounds

23
Q

What is acute inflammatory exudate made up of?

A

Protein rich - 50g/l
Has immunoglobulins
And fibrinogen

24
Q

What are the 6 purposes of the inflammatory exudate?

A

1) Dilution of noxious agents
2) Transport to lymph nodes
3) Supply of nutrients - O2
4) Spread of inflammatory mediators
5) Spread of antibodies
6) Spread of drugs

25
Q

How can the fibrinogen help to contain the infection locally?

A

Forms fibrinous mesh to contain whatever is causing the infection

26
Q

What does the cellular reaction of acute inflammation consist of?

A

Accumulation of neutrophils in the extracellular space

In severe cases, accumulation of neutrophils, cellular debris and bacteria forms pus

27
Q

Where are neutrophils produced?

A

In bone marrow

28
Q

Why can an FBC showing neutrophils be clinically useful?

A

Increased number of neutrophils in acute inflammation - this can give us a quantitative value for the severity of the infection

29
Q

How can neutrophils move to the sight of infection?

A

They are motile and amoeboid

Show directional chemotaxis - move along the concentration gradient of inflammatory mediators

30
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

Short - only hours in tissues

31
Q

How do neutrophils fight infection?

A

Phagocytic, microbiocidal

32
Q

Describe the both oxygen dependent and oxygen independent processes that neutrophils use to kill bacteria?

A

Engulph them by phagocytosis to form a phagolyzosome
Oxygen dependent - Enzyme myeloperoxidase makes free radicals which damage the macromolecules from which the bacteria are formed thus killing them
Oxygen independent - Involves specific enzymes such as lysozyme which break down bacteria cell walls

33
Q

How do neutrophils move into the tissues in an acute inflammatory reaction?

A

Normal flow in the blood vessel is an axial stream so neutrophils dont come into contact with the endothelium
When vessels dilate and exudate moves out of the vessles the flow is slowed and neutrophils are no longer adhered to an axial stream, they come into contact with the endothelium and various ligand-receptor reactions take place
Have:
1) Margination
2) Rolling - adhesion (pavementing when the neutrophils line up on the endothelium)
3) Migration into the tissues (facilitated by the increased permeability of the vessels)

34
Q

Name the 6 synthesised and 1 stored cell derived mediators of acute inflammation?

A 
Stored
1) Histamine
Synthesised
1) Prostaglandins
2) Leukotrienes
3) PAF
4) Cytokines (IL1, 8, TNFa)
5) NO
6) Chemokines
35
Q

Name the 4 plasma derived mediators of acute inflammation?

A

1) Kinin system
2) Clotting pathway
3) Thrombolytic pathway
4) Complement pathway

36
Q

Mediators of inflammation have a short half life, how are they disposed of?

A

Breakdown

Scavenging

37
Q

Name the 5 mediators of inflammation that mediate vascular dilatation?

A

1) Histamine
2) PGE2/I2
3) VIP
4) NO
5) PAF

38
Q

Name the 6 mediators of inflammation that mediate increased vascular permeability?

A

1) Histamine
2) Bradykinin
3) NO
4) C5a
5) LTB4
6) PAF

39
Q

Name the 6 inflammatory mediators which lead to upregulation of adhesion molecules and therefore mediate neutrophil adhesion?

A

1) IL8
2) C5a
3) LTB4
4) PAF
5) IL 1
6) TNF

40
Q

Name the 3 inflammatory mediators involved in neutrophil chemotaxis?

A

1) LTB4
2) IL 8
3) Chemokines

41
Q

Why is it important to know the inflammatory mediators?

A

Important drug targets

42
Q

Fibrinous necrosis in arteriolar walls is associated with what kind of hypertension?

A

Malignant

43
Q

Bradykinin is formed from a pre cursor by the action of which enzyme?

A

Kallikrein

44
Q

Give 3 examples of laboratory assessments of inflammation?

A

1) Full blood count
2) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
3) Acute phase proteins

45
Q

What is meant by the term resolution with regards to acute inflammation?

A

One of the possible outcomes of acute inflammation, occurs when minimal damage to tissues occurs, the noxious agent is dealt with and everything returns to normal - this is the ideal solution

46
Q

What is meant by fibrosis in terms of as an outcome of acute inflammation?

A

Some tissue damage occurs and the tissue is not replaced by the same tissue, is just replaced by collagen - scar tissue - fibrosis of the organ, may get some deficit due to lack of functioning tissue

47
Q

What is meant by the term suppuration in terms of as an outcome of acute inflammation?

A

An abscess forms, in this case you have got a marked neutrophil reaction with tissue damage

48
Q

Why does acute inflammation sometimes become chronic inflammation?

A

This occurs when the damaging agent that caused the acute inflammatory reaction is not dealt with and thus persists leading to chronic inflammation

Year 2 EMS MoD (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions