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Y1 Fwong MCD Cell Path Mubarak > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Define inflammation?

A

Reaction of living vascularised tissue to sub-lethal cellular injury. Evolutionary development to protect against infection and trauma.

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2
Q

Name the function of inflammation?

A

Remove cause of injury and initiate repair

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3
Q

Name the causes of inflammation?

A

Infection tissue destruction- mechanical trauma, chemical injury, radiation

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4
Q

Why are vascular changes in inflammation important?

A

Dilation and increased blood flow to injured area enables rapid delivery of inflmatory cells and mediators.

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5
Q

Name the local cardinal signs for Acute inflammation.

A

RUBOR – redness CALOR – heat TUMOR – swelling DOLOR – pain LOSS OF FUNCTION

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6
Q

What causes loss of function in acute inflammation?

A

Loss of function is due to swelling and pain

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7
Q

What are exudates?

A

What comes out of leaky capillaries fluid, cells, proteins including fibrin, antibodies etc. think of exudes

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8
Q

What is the function of exudate?

A

Fluid dilutes pathogen and allows soluble mediators to spread easier within the area

Fibrin from the exudate walls off pathogen to stop it spreading and gives inflammatory cells a substrate to hold onto

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9
Q

What does histamine lead to?

A

Vasodilation Increased vascular permeability

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10
Q

What is formed in an acute inflammation?

A

Exudate is formed

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11
Q

What is the main cell invoved in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

In acute inflammation, what needs to occur for tissue to return back to normal?

A

Tissue cells need to contain cells that can regenerate to replace lost cells Little structural damage done- cells need a framewrok to build on

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13
Q

What happens if tissue loss is too great and cells unable to regenerate?

A

Replace normal tissue with fibirous scar tissue

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14
Q

What hinders repair?

A

•General

–POOR NUTRITION - Require protein for collagen production, and energy for cell function.

–VITAMIN DEFICIENCY

Vitamin C – needed by fibroblasts to make collagen

Vitamin A - required for epithelial regeneration

–MINERAL DEFICIENCY eg. Zinc

–SUPPRESSED INFLAMMATION by steroids, old age, diabetes

•Local

–POOR BLOOD SUPPLY eg. ischaemic leg ulcers

–PERSISTENT FOREIGN BODY eg. splinter

–MOVEMENT e.g across a fracture site -> need for a cast.

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15
Q

Name the possible complications of repair?

A

•Keloid formation

–Excess collagen deposition (pic on right)

•Contractures

–Fibrous scar tissue contracts as it matures. If scarring occurs across a joint can cause poor joint mobility.

•Impaired organ function

–e.g fibrous scars in the myocardium after a heart attack.

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16
Q

Name the histological features of acute inflammation?

A

Nuetrophils predominate eosinophils and mast cells are there

17
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Inflammation of prolonged duration in which active inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at repair occur simultaneously

18
Q

What are the causes of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent damage Persistent infection (HCV, TB) Prolonged exposure to toxic agent (uric acid) Autoimmunity (RA, SLE) Foreign body (splinter, silica)

19
Q

Name the cells of chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages Lymphocytes and plasma cells

20
Q

Name what can be formed in chronic inflammation?

A

granulation tissue

21
Q

Histological features of Chronic inflmmation?

A

presence of granulation tissue, Macrophages Lymphocytes and nuetrophil exudate

22
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

Particular form of chronic inflammation showing granuloma formation.

Granulomas are formed in an attempt to wall off pathogens too

23
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Cluster of macrophages Involves specific immune reaction T cells

24
Q

What are the causes of granulomatous inflammation?

A

Infection – TB, fungi Foreign material Reaction to tumours Immune diseases (sarcoid, Crohn’s)

25
Q

How does the liver respond to chronic inflammation anywhere in the body?

A

The liver produces and releases increased amounts of serum amyloid A protein into the blood

this protein has roles in eg recruiting immune cells for inflammation etc. HOWEVER can lead to implications eg amyloidosis

26
Q

What are the harmful effect of inflammation?

A

Local damage:

  • damage to local tissues/scarring
  • can affect nearby tissues

SYstmeic:

•Can evolve into systemic inflammatory reaction and secondary multi-organ failure

–E.g. Septic shock

–Amyloidosis

Amyloidosis is when an abnormal protein called amyloid builds up in your tissues and organs. When it does, it affects their shape and how they work. Amyloidosis is a serious health problem that can lead to life-threatening organ failure.

27
Q

What type of inflammation follows acute inflammation but can occasionally develop straight off?

A

Chronic inflammation

28
Q

What are the main cell types for chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes and Macrophages

29
Q

State the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

A
30
Q

Name the differences between chronic and acute inflammation?

A
31
Q

What is the good outcome for inflammation? (as opposed to the bad outcomes)

A
  • Removal of causative agent
  • Cessation of the inflammatory reaction
  • Healing of tissue damage to preserve integrity and function (resolution)
32
Q

Name the unwanted effects of local inflammation?

A
  • Can cause excess local tissue damage and scarring
  • Secondary effects on nearby tissue

–E.g. Bronchoconstriction in asthma

33
Q

Name the unwanted effects of systematic inflammation?

A

•Can evolve into systemic inflammatory reaction and secondary multi-organ failure

–E.g. Septic shock

–Amyloid

34
Q

What is needed if tissue architecture returns to normal?

Resolution- refers to the complete restoration of tissue structure and function.

A

–Tissue contains cells able to regenerate to replace lost cells

•E.g. Liver

–Little structural damage done – cells need a framework to build on (basement membrane)

•E.g. Lung in lobar pneumonia

35
Q

What has to happen for normal tissue to be replaced with fibrous scar tissue?

A

•Tissue loss too great, and cells unable to regenerate

36
Q

Name the compllications of repair( tissue loss is to great and cells unable to regenerate)?

A

•Keloid formation

–Excess collagen deposition

•Contractures

–Fibrous scar tissue contracts as it matures. If scarring occurs across a joint can cause poor joint mobility.

•Impaired organ function

–e.g fibrous scars in the myocardium after a heart attack.

37
Q

Lable the diagram and explain what each lable means?

A
  • Margination–Cells pushed to edges of vessel
  • Rolling and Adhesion–Selectins on endothelial cells and leucocytes bind white blood cells to endothelial cells
  • Transmigration (diapedisis)–Neutrophil dissolves basement, enter interstitium
  • Chemotaxis–Follow chemical gradient followed to site of inflammation

Y1 Fwong MCD Cell Path Mubarak (6 decks)

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