Inflammation III

Question 1

Inflammation, tissue injury and attempts at repair coexist in

Answer 1

Chronic Inflammation

Question 2

Causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 2

1. Persistent infections
2. Hypersensitivity diseases eg rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis
3. Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents eg silicosis, atherosclerosis

Question 3

Microorganisms often evoke an immune reaction called

Answer 3

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

Question 4

Morphological features of chronic inflammation

Answer 4

1. Infiltration with mononuclear cells
2. Tissue destruction
3. Attempts at healing (accomplished by angiogenesis and fibrosis)

Question 5

The half-life of blood monocytes is

Answer 5

1 day

Question 6

Life span of tissue macrophages

Answer 6

Several months or years

Question 7

Two major pathways of macrophage activation

Answer 7

Classical
Alternative

Question 8

Dominant cell type in chronic inflammation

Answer 8

macrophages

Question 9

Classical macrophage activation may be induced by: (4)

Answer 9

1. Microbials(e.g endotoxin) using TLRs
2. IFN-Y (T-cell derived signal)
3. Foreign substances (crystals, foreign matter)
4. M1 macrophages (produce NO and ROS, upregulate lysosomal enzymes)

NB: M1 macrophages - Classically activated macrophages

Question 10

Main function of M1 macrophages

Answer 10

Destroy or Kill microbes

Question 11

Alternative macrophage activation is induced by

Answer 11

Cytokines other than IFN-Y such as IL-4, IL-13 (produced by T-cells)

Question 12

The cytokines of the alternative macrophage pathway stimulate/inhibit the classical macrophage pathway

Answer 12

Inhibit

Question 13

Principal function of M2 macrophages

Answer 13

Tissue repair

Question 14

M2 macrophages secrete growth factors that

Answer 14

1. Promote angiogenesis
2. Activate fibroblasts
3. Stimulate collagen synthesis

Question 15

Much of the tissue injury in chronic inflammation is caused by

Answer 15

The products of Activated macrophages

Question 16

Macrophages secrete mediators of inflammation such as

Answer 16

TNF
IL-1
chemokines
eicosanoids

Question 17

Macrophages display antigens to and respond to signals from which cells

Answer 17

T lymphocytes

Question 18

Dominant population in CI seen in autoimmune and other hypersensitivity diseases

Answer 18

Lymphocytes

Question 19

Which cytokines from activated macrophages promote leukocyte recruitment

Answer 19

IL-1
TNF
Chemokines

Question 20

Three subsets of CD4+ T cells that secrete different types of cytokines and elicit different types of inflammation.

Answer 20

1. TH1
2. TH2
3. TH17

Question 21

Function of TH1 cells

Answer 21

Produce IFN-Y, which activates macrophages via the classical pathway

Question 22

Function of TH2 cells

Answer 22

TH2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which recruit and activate eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activation.

Question 23

Function of TH17 cells

Answer 23

TH17 cells secrete IL-17 and other cytokines, which induce the secretion of chemokines responsible for recruiting neutrophils (and monocytes) into the reaction.

Question 24

Which cells are involved in defense against many types of bacteria and viruses and in autoimmune diseases?

Answer 24

TH1 and TH17 cells

Question 25

TH2 cells are important against

Answer 25

1. Helminthic parasites (oesinophils) 2. Allergic inflammation

Question 26

What are Tertiary Lymphoid Organs composed of

Answer 26

Accumulated lymphocytes Antigen-Presenting cells (APCs) Plasma cells

Question 27

Lymphoid organogenesis like Tertiary Lymphoid organs is often seen in

Answer 27

1. Synovium in long-standing rheumatoid arthritis 2. Thyroid in Hashimoto thyroiditis

Question 28

Eosinophils are mediated by

Answer 28

IgE

Question 29

Which chemokine drives the recruitment of oesinophils

Answer 29

Eotaxin

Question 30

Which cytokine drives the recruitment of oesinophils

Answer 30

IL 5

Question 31

Eosinophils contain granules responsible for lysis of parasitic cells, These granules contain

Answer 31

Major Basic Protein

Question 32

Mast cells express on their surface the receptor …………… that binds the …………. portion of ………. antibody.

Answer 32

FceRI; Fc; IgE Mast cells express on their surface the receptor *(FceRI)* that binds the *Fc* portion of *IgE* antibody.

Question 33

In immediate hypersensitivity reactions, IgE antibodies bound to the cells’ Fc receptors specifically recognize antigen, and the cells degranulate and release mediators, such as

Answer 33

Histamine Prostaglandins

Question 34

Which type of granuloma incites a persistent T cell mediated immune response

Answer 34

Immune granulomas

Question 35

In immune granulomas, macrophages activate T cells to produce which cytokines

Answer 35

IFN-Y IL 2

Question 36

Activated macrophages in granulomas are called

Answer 36

Epitheloid cells

Question 37

Constituents of granulomas

Answer 37

Epitheloid cells Giant cells Mononuclear cells (T lymphocytes) Outer rim of fibroblasts and connective tissue

Question 38

Noncaseating granulomas

Answer 38

Crohn disease Sarcoidosis

Question 39

Granulomas are usually accompanied by fibrosis T/F

Answer 39

T

Question 40

The granuloma in tuberculosis is referred to as

Answer 40

A tubercle

Question 41

What special stain is used for tubercle bacilli

Answer 41

Acid-fast stain

Question 42

Serological studies can be helpful in

Answer 42

Syphilis

Question 43

Molecular techniques are useful in

Answer 43

Polymerase Chain Reaction in TB

Question 44

Culture methods are helpful in

Answer 44

TB and fungal diseases

Question 45

SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION