Pigments

Question 1

Pigments could be (categories)

Answer 1

Normal or Abnormal, Endogenous or Exogenous

Question 2

Diseases caused by exogenous pigments (carbon)

Answer 2

Anthracosis(cytokines encourage formation of fibrosis in lungs)

Coal workers Pneumoconiosis

Question 3

Examples of endogenous pigments

Answer 3

Lipofuscin
Hemosiderin
Homogentistic acid
Melanin
Bilirubin

Question 4

Homogentistic acid is deposited in?

Answer 4

The connective tissues, skin in patients with alkaptonuria

Question 5

Lipofuscin are not injurious to the cell. T/F

Answer 5

T

Question 6

Which pigment is the end product of oxygen radical mediated membrane damage?

Answer 6

Lipofuscin

Question 7

Morphology of lipofuscin

Answer 7

(Microscopic)
Yellow-brown
Finely granular
Perinuclear

No gross

Question 8

Where is melanin synthesized?

Answer 8

Melanocytes and dendritic cells

Question 9

In the synthesis of melanin, tyrosinase acts on tyrosine to form

Answer 9

Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DHPA)

Question 10

Generalized hyperpigmentation examples

Answer 10

Addison’s disease
Chloasma
Chronic Arsenic poisoning

Question 11

Which generalized hyperpigmentation is seen in pregnancy or caused by oral contraceptives?

Answer 11

Chloasma

Question 12

Classic raindrop pigmentation of the skin is a symptom of

Answer 12

Chronic arsenic poisoning

Question 13

Diseases of focal hyperpigmentation

Answer 13

Neurofibromatosis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Melanosis coli
Melanotic tumors
Lentigo
Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy

Question 14

Cafe-au-lait spots

Answer 14

Neurofibromatosis

Question 15

Peutz-Jeghers

Answer 15

Peri oral

Question 16

Lentigo

Answer 16

Skin

Question 17

Lymph nodes draining skin lesions

Answer 17

Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathy

Question 18

Albinism is caused by

Answer 18

Genetic defect in TYROSINASE

Question 19

Examples of focal hypopigmentation

Answer 19

Leucoderma (autoimmune)
Vitiligo
Acquired Focal HP(wound healing, leprosy, lupus)

Question 20

Alkaptonuria is an autosomal dominant disorder T/F

Answer 20

False
Autosomal recessive disorder

Question 21

Alkaptonuria is the deficiency of what enzyme?

Answer 21

Oxidase enzyme

Question 22

Homogentistic acid accumulates in the tissues in what disorder?

Answer 22

Alkaptonuria

Question 23

Ochronosis is deposited both inter and intracellularly in what disorder?

Answer 23

Alkaptonuria

Question 24

In alkaptonuria, what black pigment is deposited?

Answer 24

Ochronosis

Question 25

Iron in tissues can be stored as

Answer 25

Ferettin (Fe complexed to apoferritin) Haemosiderin (formed by aggregates of ferritin)

Question 26

Haemosiderin can be localized or generalized T/F

Answer 26

T

Question 27

Hemosiderin laden macrophages at sites of endometriotic deposits is an example of

Answer 27

Localized hemosiderosis

Question 28

Hemosiderin laden alveolar macrophages in the lungs occurs in?

Answer 28

Left ventricular failure (due to localized hemosiderosis)

Question 29

Generalized hemosiderosis is broadly categorized into:

Answer 29

1. Increased breakdown of hemoglobin 2. Excessive intestinal absorption of iron 3. Excessive iron intake

Question 30

In increased hemolysis, treatment with blood transfusions or parenteral iron only *(treats/worsens)* the condition of iron overload?

Answer 30

Worsens

Question 31

Excessive iron absorption is known as

Answer 31

Idiopathic Hemochromatosis/Hereditary Hemochromatosis

Question 32

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal dominant disease T/F

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Idiopathic hemochromatosis is characterized by

Answer 33

1. Pigmented *L*iver cirrhosis 2. *S*kin pigmentation 3. *P*ancreatic damage resulting in DIABETES (‘Bronze diabetes’) PLS Idiot🙏🏽

Question 34

Excessive iron intake was first observed

Answer 34

In the Bantu tribe of South Africa

Question 35

What gene has been identified as the predisposing factor to the overload in excessive iron intake?

Answer 35

Ferroportin

Question 36

Hemosiderosis is visualized with

Answer 36

Prussian blue (golden-brown, intracytoplasmic)

Question 37

Where is Bilirubin found?

Answer 37

Bile. Non-iron containing

Question 38

Hyperbilirubinemia causes

Answer 38

Jaundice

Question 39

Aetiology of bilirubin accumulation

Answer 39

1. Excessive RBC destruction 2. Liver disease/injury 3. Defective intra/extrahepatic bile ducts

Question 40

Bilirubin accumulates as yellow pigment in the fluids and tissues of

Answer 40

Skin, Hepatocytes, Sclera

Question 41

In infants, high levels of unconjugated bilirubin may cause

Answer 41

Brain injury (kernicterus)

Question 42

Lipofuscin persists in ………… as collections of indigestible material

Answer 42

Lysosomes

Question 43

Granules of lipid-protein complexes

Answer 43

Lipofuscin

Question 44

Lipofuscin is eliminated by intracellular lipid peroxidation T/F

Answer 44

F. It is not