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inflammation part two Flashcards

1
Q

What is achalasia?

A

A condition characterized by absent or ineffective peristalsis.

Clinical manifestations include dysphagia, regurgitation, chest or epigastric pain, and pyrosis.

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2
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of achalasia?

A

Dysphagia, regurgitation, chest or epigastric pain, pyrosis.

Pyrosis refers to a sensation of burning in the chest.

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3
Q

What diagnostic tests are used for achalasia?

A

X-ray, barium swallow, CT scan, EGD, manometry.

EGD stands for esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

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4
Q

What is the medical management for achalasia?

A

Botox, pneumatic dilation, Heller myotomy.

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5
Q

Name the three types of esophageal spasms.

A
  • Jackhammer esophagus
  • Diffuse esophageal spasm
  • Type III achalasia.
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6
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of esophageal spasms?

A

Dysphagia, pyrosis, regurgitation, chest pain.

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7
Q

What is the primary diagnostic tool for esophageal spasms?

A

Esophageal manometry.

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8
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Herniation of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm.

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9
Q

What are the two types of hiatal hernias?

A
  • Sliding
  • Paraesophageal.
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10
Q

What are some causes of hiatal hernia?

A
  • Unknown causes
  • Increased abdominal pressure
  • Coughing
  • Vomiting
  • Straining during bowel movement
  • Heavy lifting
  • Physical strain
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy.
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11
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a hiatal hernia?

A
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Pyrosis
  • Dysphagia
  • Regurgitation
  • Epigastric pain
  • Fullness after eating.
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12
Q

What complications can arise from a hiatal hernia?

A
  • Strangulation
  • Obstruction
  • Hemorrhage
  • Volvulus.
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13
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for hiatal hernia?

A
  • History and physical assessment
  • X-ray
  • Barium swallow
  • Endoscopy
  • CT chest
  • Esophageal manometry.
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14
Q

What is the medical management for hiatal hernia?

A
  • Frequent small feedings
  • Sit up one hour after eating
  • Sleep with HOB elevated
  • Surgery (Nissen fundoplication).
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15
Q

What is an esophageal diverticulum?

A

A saclike outpouching of one or more layers of the esophagus.

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16
Q

What are the three areas where esophageal diverticula can occur?

A
  • Pharyngoesophageal
  • Midesophageal
  • Epiphrenic.
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17
Q

What is the most common type of esophageal diverticulum?

A

Zenker’s diverticulum.

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18
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Fullness in neck
  • Belching
  • Regurgitation of undigested food
  • Gurgling after eating
  • Coughing
  • Halitosis.
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19
Q

What complications can arise from esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Obstruction.
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20
Q

What are the diagnostic methods for esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • History and physical assessment
  • Barium swallow
  • Esophageal manometry.
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21
Q

What is the treatment for esophageal diverticulum?

A
  • Surgery (Endoscopic Septotomy, Diverticulectomy with myotomy).
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22
Q

What is esophageal perforation?

A

A surgical emergency caused by injury or trauma.

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23
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of esophageal perforation?

A
  • Excruciating retrosternal pain
  • Dysphagia
  • Infection.
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24
Q

What are the causes of esophageal perforation?

A
  • Endoscopic or surgical injury
  • Spontaneous
  • Forceful vomiting
  • Straining
  • Foreign body
  • Trauma
  • Malignancy.
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25
What is the management for esophageal perforation?
* NPO * IVF * Antibiotics * Surgery.
26
What are the clinical manifestations of foreign body ingestion?
* Pain * Dysphagia * Dyspnea.
27
What is the management for foreign bodies in the esophagus?
* Glucagon * Endoscopy.
28
What causes chemical burns in the esophagus?
Ingestion of a strong acid or base, undissolved medications, or small batteries.
29
What are the clinical manifestations of chemical burns?
* Emotionally distraught * Acute physical pain * Severe burns of mouth, lips, pharynx * Painful swallowing * Breathing difficulties * Shock.
30
What is Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?
A linear tear in the lining of the lower esophagus or upper stomach.
31
What are the causes of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?
Forceful or prolonged vomiting or coughing.
32
What are the clinical manifestations of Mallory-Weiss Syndrome?
* Pain * Bright red or coffee ground emesis * Black tarry stools.
33
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
A clinically symptomatic condition resulting in reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus.
34
What are some causes of GERD?
* Hiatal hernia * Incompetent LES * Motility disorders * Pyloric stenosis * Gastroparesis * Tobacco * Caffeine * Alcohol * H. Pylori.
35
What are the clinical manifestations of GERD?
* Pyrosis * Regurgitation * Dyspepsia * Dysphagia * Odynophagia * Hypersalivation.
36
What are some complications of GERD?
* Esophagitis * Esophageal stricture/scarring * Barrett’s Esophagus * Bronchospasm * Aspiration pneumonia * Dental erosion.
37
What is Barrett's Esophagus?
A condition that arises from chronic GERD.
38
What are the assessment methods for Barrett's Esophagus?
* History and physical assessment * EGD with biopsies.
39
What is the medical management for Barrett's Esophagus?
* Endoscopic ablation * PPIs * Routine follow-up screening and biopsies.
40
What is the nursing management for GERD?
* Tobacco cessation * Limiting alcohol * Weight loss * Elevating HOB * Avoid eating before bed * Diet modification.
41
What foods should be avoided in GERD management?
* Fatty foods * Chocolate * Peppermint/spearmint * Coffee/Tea or caffeine * Carbonated beverages.
42
What is gastritis?
Inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
43
What are the causes of acute gastritis?
* Erosive local irritants * Ingestion of strong acid * Acute illness.
44
What are the clinical manifestations of acute gastritis?
* Epigastric pain * Dyspepsia * Anorexia * Hiccups * N/V * Melena or hematochezia.
45
What are the clinical manifestations of chronic gastritis?
* Fatigue * Pyrosis * Belching * Sour taste in mouth * Halitosis * Feeling of fullness * Anorexia * N/V.
46
What is peptic ulcer disease?
A sore or ulcer that develops in the lining of the stomach, pylorus, duodenum, or esophagus.
47
What is the most common type of peptic ulcer?
Duodenal ulcers.
48
What are the causes of peptic ulcer disease?
* Helicobacter pylori * NSAIDs * Zollinger-Ellison syndrome * Alcohol and smoking.
49
What are the classic symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?
Dull, gnawing, burning, aching pain in the mid-epigastric region.
50
What are the complications of peptic ulcer disease?
* GI bleeding * Gastric outlet obstruction * Perforation.
51
What is the medical management for peptic ulcer disease?
* PPI: Proton Pump Inhibitor * H2: Histamine Blockers * Combination antibiotic therapy for H. pylori.
52
What is the purpose of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)?
To reduce gastric acid secretion.
53
What are some common PPIs?
* Omeprazole (Prilosec) * Esomeprazole (Nexium) * Pantoprazole (Protonix).
54
What is the purpose of Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonists?
To decrease gastric acid secretion.
55
What are examples of Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonists?
* Cimetidine (Tagamet) * Famotidine (Pepcid).
56
What are surface agents used for in gastric management?
To adhere to an ulcer site.
57
What is the black box warning associated with Metoclopramide?
Tardive dyskinesia.
58
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing.
59
What are the causes of dysphagia?
* Esophageal disorders * Neurological disorders * Muscular disorders * Infection.
60
What is the nursing management for dysphagia?
* Stimulate salivation * Moisten food with liquid * Control excess salivation * Consult with the dietitian.
61
What are enteral feeding methods?
* Nasogastric tube (NGT) * Nasointestinal tube (NIT) * Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy tube (PEG) * Jejunostomy tube.
62
What are parenteral feeding methods?
* Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) * Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN).

mental health nurse 3 (14 decks)

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