Inflammation & Repair

Question 0

Acute inflammation is part of adaptive immunity, true or false?

Answer 0

False. Innate dapat.

Question 1

Identify

inflammatory exudates rich in leukocytes, debris of dead cells, and microbes

Answer 1

Pus

Question 2

Enumerate the three major components of acute inflammation.

Answer 2

Alterations in vascular caliber
Structural changes in microvasculature
Emigration of leukocytes

Question 3

Hallmark of acute inflammation

Answer 3

Increased vascular permeability

Question 4

1. Gaps due to endothelial contraction
2. Direct injury (toxins, burns, chemicals)
3. Leukocyte-dependent injury (toxic oxygen species and proteolytic enzymes)
4. Increased transcytosis (vascular endothelium-derived growth factor) 5.New blood vessel formation – still includes vasodilation

All these are signs ot increased vasc perm in what type of inflammation?

Answer 4

Acute

Question 5

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 5

process of leukocyte migration towards site of injury along a chemical gradient

Question 6

Which is not endogenous attractant of chemotaxis?
A)Components of complement system (C5a)
B)Products of lipoxygenase pathway (leukotriene B4)
C)Cytokines
D)bacterial products

Answer 6

D)bacterial products

^ exogenous

Question 7

These WBCs mainly mediate acute inflammation. Identify!

Answer 7

Neutrophils

Question 8

False about histamine
a. Richest source: platelets
b. Principal mediator of the immediate transient phase of increased vascular permeability
c. May be triggered by neuropeptides, IL-1 and IL-8
D. Also found in basophils and platelets

Answer 8

a. Richest source: platelets

Mast cells dapat

Question 9

A. Leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation – C5b
B. Phagocytosis – C3b
C.Cell lysis by membrane attack complex (MAC)

Which is mismatched?

Answer 9

A. Leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, and activation – C5b

C5a dapat

Question 10

False about serotonin
A.Platelets and enterochromaffin cells B.Function as neurotransmitter in the GI tract and as vasodilator
C.both are false

Answer 10

B.Function as neurotransmitter in the GI tract and as vasodilator

Vasoconstrictor dapat

Question 11

Activation of Kinin system –> release of ___, which increases vascular permeability and causes contraction of smooth muscle, and vasodilation

Answer 11

Bradykinin

Question 12

a. Resultant factor XIIa-driven proteolytic cascade causes ___
activation
b. ___ cleaves soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin clot

Answer 12

Thrombin

Question 13

Factor XII is also known as __

Answer 13

Activated Hageman factor

Question 14

Cyclooxygenase synthesized prostagladin and thromboxane. What is the main difference?

Answer 14

Prostaglandin-vasodilator

Thromboxane-vasoconstrictor

Question 15

Lipooxygenase synthesizes leukotrienes and lipoxins. What is the diff bet them?

Answer 15

Lipoxins - inhibit neutrophil recruitment

Leukotrienes:stimulate neutrophil recruitment

Question 16

These two cytokines result in ACUTE PHASE REACTIONS

Answer 16

Tumor necrosis factor

Interleukin-1

Question 17

Identify

outpouring of thin fluid derived from either plasma or secretions of mesothelial cells (effusion)

Answer 17

Serous inflammation

Question 18

Identify

(1) Occurs in more severe injuries and greater vascular permeability (fibrinogen pass the vascular barrier) (2) Fibrin appears as an eosinophilic meshwork of threads
(3) Resolution or scarring (ingrowth of fibroblasts and blood vessels)

Answer 18

Fibrinous inflammation

Question 19

Identify

Production of large amount of pus or purulent exudates consists of neutrophils, necrotic cells and edema fluid

Answer 19

Purulent inflammation

Question 20

Identify:Local defect of excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the shedding of inflammatory necrotic tissue

Answer 20

Ulcer

Question 21

True or false: acute and chronic inflammation cannot coexist at same organ

Answer 21

False. In peptic ulcer of the duodenum, this is what happens.

Question 22

Enumerate common causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 22

Persistent infection
Autoimmunity
Prolonged exposure to toxic substance

Question 23

Hallmark of chronic inflammation

Answer 23

Tissue injury

Question 24

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 24

Formation of new blood vessels

Question 25

What is fibrosis?

Answer 25

Restoration of connective tissue

Question 26

False about activated macrophage A)non-immune activation B)has only repair C)Products of activated macrophages serve to eliminate injurious agents) to initiate the process of repair D)Responsible for tissue injury

Answer 26

B)has only repair Its release of toxic substances can also cause injury

Question 27

All are means to accumulate macrophages in tissues except A.Recruitment of monocytes from the circulation B.Local proliferation of macrophage after their emigration from the bloodstream C.Mobilization of macrophages in the site of inflammation D.release of cytokines and oxidized lipids

Answer 27

C. | Immobilization dapat.

Question 28

Identify a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammatory reaction characterized by focal accumulation of activated macrophages and which often develop an epithelioid appearance

Answer 28

Granulomatous inflammation

Question 29

``` The ff are diseases with granulomatous inflammation except A.sarcoidosis B.leprosy C.sepsis D.lymphogranuloma inguinale ```

Answer 29

C.sepsis Syphilis dapat

Question 30

What kind of giant type cell is present in tuberculosis?

Answer 30

Langhans type giant cell

Question 31

Diff of Foreign Body Granuloma from Immune Granuloma

Answer 31

Foreign Body Granuloma : no CMI | Immune Granuloma : with CMI

Question 32

What is lymphadenitis?

Answer 32

inflammation of the lymphatic spaces

Question 33

False about acute phase proteins (1) plasma proteins which are synthesized in the spleen (2) e.g. C-Reactive Proteins, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A protein (3) act as opsonins and fix complement (4) help clear necrotic cell nuclei (5) synthesis of hepatocytes (liver cells)

Answer 33

(1)plasma proteins which are synthesized in spleen Liver dapat.

Question 34

if C-reactive protein is increased in number, indicates an inflammation but not its location True or false?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Identify | Accelerated release of cells from the bone marrow postmitotic reserve pool -->rise in the number of immature neutrophils

Answer 35

Leukemoid reaction

Question 36

False about sepsis (1) Severe bacterial infections (2) Low levels of TNF and IL-1 causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 3) Causes liver injury and impaired liver function

Answer 36

(2) Low levels of TNF and IL-1 causes disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) High dapat

Question 37

Tissue repair requires presence of ___

Answer 37

Basement membrane

Question 38

(1) continue to proliferate throughout life (2) replace cells that are continuously being destroyed (3) follow the cell cycle from one mitosis to the next (4) e.g. cells in Epidermis, GI tract epithelium Identify

Answer 38

Labile cells

Question 39

(1) low level of replication (2) undergo rapid division in response to stimuli --> capable of reconstituting tissue of origin (3) e.g. cells in Liver and Kidney, Fibroblasts, Smooth Muscle, Endothelial Cells Identify

Answer 39

Quiescent/ Stable Cell

Question 40

(1) cannot undergo mitotic division in postnatal life (2) have left the cell cycle (3) e.g. Neurons, Skeletal & Cardiac Muscle cells Identify

Answer 40

Permanent cells

Answer 41

Transforming growth factor - Beta

Question 42

Elastin consists of..

Answer 42

consist of a central core surrounded by a peripheral microfibrillar network

Question 43

What is fibrillin?

Answer 43

microfibrils that serve as a scaffolding for deposition of elastin and the assembly of elastic fibers

Question 44

a. attach cells to a variety of matrices b. associated with cell surfaces, basement membranes and pericellular matrices c. directly involved in attachment, spreading and migration of cells Identify

Answer 44

Fibronectin

Question 45

most abundant glycoprotein in basement membranes And causes alignment of the endothelial cells & subsequent capillary formation Identify

Answer 45

Laminin

Question 46

major family of cell surface receptors that mediate cellular attachment to extracellular matrix Identify

Answer 46

Integrins

Question 47

a. consist of core protein linked to one or more polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans b. most common: heparan sulfate, chrondoitin sulfate, dermatan sulphate c. has a role in regulating connective tissue structure & permeability Identify

Answer 47

Proteoglycan

Question 48

a. consists of many repeats of a simple disaccharide stretched end to end b. binds a large amount of water forming a viscous gel which gives connective tissue turgor and the ability to resist compressive forces; resilience, lubricating feature Identify

Answer 48

Hyaluronan

Question 49

extracellular matrix deposition in tissues incapable of regeneration Identify

Answer 49

Scar formation

Question 50

extracellular matrix deposition in setting of concurrent tissue damage and repair Identify

Answer 50

Fibrosis

Question 51

Also known as "hallmark of healing"

Answer 51

Granulation tissue

Question 52

Diff bet vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

Answer 52

Vasculogenesis - during embryonic development | Angiogenesis (or Neovascularization) - vessel formation in adult tissues

Question 53

What type of healing is this? (1) primary union (2) healing of a clean, uninfected surgical incision approximated by surgical suture (3) line of closure fills with clotted blood (4) minimal cell death & minimal basement membrane disruption (5) The repair consists of three connected processes: inflammation, proliferation of epithelial and other cells, and maturation of the connective tissue scar

Answer 53

Healing by First Intention

Question 54

What type of healing is this? (1) more extensive loss of cell & tissue (2) wounds with separated edges (3) inflammation is more intense (4) much larger amount of granulation tissue are formed (5) wound contraction

Answer 54

Healing by Second Intention

Question 55

Wound healing provides skin with strength plateauing to ___

Answer 55

70-80%