physical barriers and mechanical processes are part of the innate or acquired response
innate
normal flora are part of innate or acquired response
innate
what is the function of inflammation
Injured or infected tissues become inflamed in order to
direct components of the immune system to where they
are needed
what is pus
phagocytes begin to digest the organisms,
they release enzymes which also damage the
tissue; the accumulation of dead cells, fluid
and digested material is
list 2 phagocytic barriers of the innate immune system
PMNs, (neutrophils)
– macrophages
what cells arrive first at the site of injury
neutrophils first line of defense-arrive first at the site of injury
this cell is a major defense against pyogenic bacteria
neutrophil
list enzymes found in neutrophils
many granules which contain enzymes such as
myeloperoxidase, as well as cationic proteins,
lysozyme and lactoferrin
do neutrophils have long or short life span
short
are macrophages long or short lived
long
where do monocytes and macrophages live
macrophages live in tissues/monocytes live in blood;
there is constant movement from blood to tissue
T/F monocytes arrive first at site of infection
false, arrive later than neutrophils at site of infection; can
become activated, therefore more potent
migration of cells up a concentration
gradient is known as
chemotaxis
what sequence allows for chemotaxis
(f-Met-Leu-phe)
Nitric oxide is an example of oxygen dependent or independent antimicrobial
oxygen independent
Respiratory burst is an example of oxygen dependent or independent
dependent
important because it is a point where the
innate and the acquired immune system
cooperate… this part is known as
opsonization
opsinized cells express receptors for what regions
these cells express receptors for the Fc
region of IgG and receptors for activated
C3 (C3b) on their cell surface
What disease occurs when neutrophils do not
produce oxidative intermediates
• Chronic granulomatous disease
– defect in production of NADPH oxidase can cause
unable to generate respiratory burst, disease called Chronic granulomatous disease
These cells recognize lack of MHC on target cell via KIR
NK
How are NK cells activated
activation of NK cells can only occur where there is
no inactivation signal
What cytokines do NK cells produce
produce cytokines such as IFN-g
What 2 cytokines can activate NK cells
can also be activated by IL-2 and IFN-g
mast cells release….
mast cells release histamine
Which cells are important in parasitic diseases and allergies
• Eosinophils
What cytokines are involved in the innate immune system
IFN-a and IFN-b
– TNF-a
– IL-1
These cytokines inhibit viral replication
IFN-a and IFN-b
What are 3 functions of IFN-a and IFN-b
inhibit viral replication
• activate NK cells
• increase MHC I
fibroblasts, epithelial cells, leukocytes all produce what cytokines
IFN-a and IFN-b
the Major inflammatory mediator cytokine is
TNF-a
• activated macrophages produce what cytokine
TNF-a
This cytokine is an endogenous pyrogen …
TNF-a
This cytokine activates macrophages to kill and produce other inflammatory cytokines; also activates T cells
TNF-a
This cytokine can be harmful; excess production induced by LPScan cause septic and endotoxic shock
TNF-a
IL-1 is produced by
• Produced by macrophages
IL-1 is a mediatior of …
• mediator of inflammation
IL-1 is similar to what other cytokine
• similar to TNF
IL-1 is an ______ pyrogen
• endogenous pyrogen
Important in attracting neutrophils,
macrophages and T cells to sites of infection…
Chemokines
Fever is Induced by ..
• Induced by LPS and other substances
fever is mediated by what cytokines
• mediated by IL-1, TNF and IL-6
are immune responses faster at higher or lower temps
most immune responses are faster at higher
temperatures
pathogens do not survive temperatures above….
pathogens do not survive temperatures above
37oC