Innate Immunity 1: Soluble Effectors

Question 1

Induced innate response is for how long?

Answer 1

4 hours to 4 days

Question 2

Innate immune memory is called?

Answer 2

Trained immunity

Through epigenetic modifications
Metabolic reprogramming
Long term effects
Altered responsiveness

Question 3

Which cells show trained immunity?

Answer 3

Monocytes, training happens in haemotpoetic stem cells

Question 4

Soluble barriers?

Answer 4

Complement Defensins

Collectins

Question 5

What disrupts bacterial cell walls?

Answer 5

Lysozyme

Question 6

Lysozyme is found in?

Answer 6

Blood and tears

Question 7

What do collectins, ficolins and pentraxins do?

Answer 7

Bind to pathogens and target them for phagocytosis (opsonisation) and activate complement

Question 8

Complements do?

Answer 8

Lyse bacteria, opsonise pathogens and induce inflammation

Question 9

What is lysozyme secreted by?

Answer 9

Paneth cells phagocytes in small intestine

Question 10

Lysozyme cleaves?

Answer 10

Bond between alternating sugars that make peptidoglycan, exposes lipid bilayer

Phospholipid a2, then disrupts phospholipids, allowing water to get through—
Most effective in gram positive bacteria

Question 11

Histatins ?

Answer 11

In oral cavity against pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans

Question 12

Cathelicidins?

Answer 12

Ll-37 against both gram negative and gram positive bacteria

Question 13

What secrete antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 13

Neutrophils, epithelial cells and paneth cells

Question 14

How do antimicrobial peptides work?

Answer 14

Inhibit dna and rna synthesis,

Attack fungi virus and bacteria (minutes)

Question 15

Defensins are?

Answer 15

Microbial peptides 35 to 40 aa amphipathic

Disulphides bond

Question 16

Defensins work by?

Answer 16

Creating a pore

Question 17

Collectins bind to?

Answer 17

Bacterial cell surface sugars

Question 18

Why do collectins not recognise our mannose antigens?

Answer 18

Masked by sialic acid

Question 19

Ficolins recognise?

Answer 19

Acylated compounds COCH3 such as bacterial cell wall monosaccharides

Question 20

Pentraxins are?

Answer 20

Cyclic multimeric proteins in the plasma e.g crp

Question 21

Crp binds to?

Answer 21

Phosphocholine on bacterial surfaces

Question 22

C3a and c5a are regarded as?

Answer 22

Anaphalatoxins

Question 23

Complements are made by?

Answer 23

Liver, monocytes macrophages and epithelial cells

Question 24

Effects mediated by complement components?

Answer 24

Opsonisation
Lysis
Membrane attack complex
Mast cell degranulation
Extravasation
Clearance of antibody complexes

Question 25

C1 is made of?

Answer 25

Q, r ,s | 18 polypeptides, collagen like helixes, 6 triple helix

Question 26

C1 binds?

Answer 26

To 2 FC domains of antibody

Question 27

Which is most efficient antibody at activating complement?

Answer 27

igM cause it has 5 Fc domains

Question 28

What happens to igM before binding to c1?

Answer 28

When it binds to antigen changes from planar conformation reveals binding site for c1

Question 29

Binding of c1q to Fc causes?

Answer 29

Conformation change in c1r, and c1s is cleaved and can cleave c2 and c4

Question 30

What makes c3 convertase?

Answer 30

C4b and c2a

Question 31

C3 convertase activates?

Answer 31

Over 200 c3 molecules

Question 32

Leptin pathway includes?

Answer 32

Antibody independent, activated by mbl and ficolins Mbl binds to mannose residues on carbohydrates and glycoproteins on bacteria and some viruses

Question 33

Leptin pathway uses what to cleave c4 and c2?

Answer 33

Mbl forms a complex with masp1 and masp2 (serine protease)

Question 34

Alternative pathway?

Answer 34

C3 hydrolyses into c3a and c3b. C3b binds to pathogen membrane and factor b, so cleaved by factor d to c3bBb

Question 35

C3bBb has a half life of?

Answer 35

5 mins unless it binds to serum protein properdin, extending half life to 30 mins

Question 36

What is c3 convertase?

Answer 36

C3bBb

Question 37

C1 inhibitor deficiency?

Answer 37

Hereditary angiodema, classical pathway activated very easily, Injection of c1 inhibitor

Question 38

Mbl deficiency causes?

Answer 38

Pyogenic infections in children

Question 39

Deficiency in c8 cause?

Answer 39

Prone to neisseria meningitis

Question 40

90% of people deficient in c4 develop?

Answer 40

Systemic lupus erythematousus

Question 41

C3b bind to?

Answer 41

Immune complexes to be picked up by erythrocytes with cr1 receptor, taken to phagocytes in liver. Which recognise through their fc receptors and engulf them

Question 42

What causes trained immunity?

Answer 42

Altered responsiveness Metabolic reprogramming Epigenetic modifications Long term effects

Question 43

What is action of collectins ficolins and pentraxins?

Answer 43

Opsonise pathogens | And activate the complement pathway

Question 44

What is c5 convertase?

Answer 44

C3bBbC3b C4b2a3b

Question 45

What makes the MAC?

Answer 45

C5b6789

Question 46

C3a and C5a are important because?

Answer 46

Peptide mediators of inflammation | Phagocyte recruitment

Question 47

C3b is important in?

Answer 47

Opsonisation of pathogens and removal of immune complexes

Question 48

MAC?

Answer 48

C5b6789