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204 > Innate Immunity 2 > Flashcards

Innate Immunity 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which are the innate lymphoid cells that are triggered without antigen presentation?

A 
Gamma delta T cells
Nk cells
ILC1
ILC2
ILC3
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2
Q

Phagocyte recruitment happens in these steps?

A

Cytokines dilate blood vessels and chemokines attract monocytes and neutrophils to infection

Cell adhesion molecules ICAM 1 and VCAM1 are upregulated on endothelium, which bind to integrins of leukocytes

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3
Q

Rolling and extravasation?

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Activation
  3. Arrest/adhesion
  4. Transendothelial migration
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4
Q

Opsonins?

A

Complement component c3b
Collectins such as mbl
Antibodies

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5
Q

NETosis?

A

Nuclear chromatin is released of neutrophils to trap microorganisms to help phagocytosis

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6
Q

PRRs?

A 
C type leptin 
Toll like
NOD like
Rig I like
Cytosolic DNA sensors
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7
Q

C like receptors bind to?

A

Glycan structures

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8
Q

Toll genes important for?

A

Development
Immunity to the fungal and bacterial infections

D toll 18 wheeler

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9
Q

Toll like receptor structure?

A

Extracellular: leucine rich repeats

Cytosolic- TIR domain

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10
Q

Tlr10 responds to?

A

Double stranded RNA

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11
Q

Cell surface TLRs recognise in host

A

HSP70
Fibrinogen
Fibronectin

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12
Q

Adaptor molecules?

A

Trig/TRAM/ MyD88/Mal

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13
Q

MyD88 gain of function mutation causes?

A

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, 90% of patients, lymphoma cells proliferate in bone marrow, B cells make large amount of IgM which causes excess bleeding, vision problems and headaches

Lymphoma causes anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

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14
Q

TLR 3 deficiency causes?

A

Herpes simplex encephalitis

It’s a double stranded DNA. Virus but when it replicates it produces DSRNA, which TLR3 binds to

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15
Q

TLR8?

A

HIV

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16
Q

TLR2 and 4 conditions?

A

Sepsis and tuberculosis

Atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s

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17
Q

TLR 7 8 9 condition?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

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18
Q

Aldara is an agonist of what and for which condition?

A

TLR7 for genital warts

TLR7 for melanoma

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19
Q

TLR antagonist 7 8 and 9 for?

A

Autoimmunity

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20
Q

TLR4 antagonist for?

A

Sepsis

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21
Q

NLRs receptor types?

A

NLRCs and NLRPs

C- caspase recruitment domain CARD
P- pyrin domain

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22
Q

NLRCs bind to?

A

Peptidoglycan

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23
Q

NOD1 binds to?

A

IE-DAP- only gram -ve

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24
Q

NOD 2 bind to?

A

Muramyl dipeptide present in both positive and negative bacteria

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25
Q

NOD2 gain of function linked to?

A

Sarcoidosis, granulomas develop in the organs of the body

26
Q

NOD2 loss of function?

A

Susceptibility to Crohn’s disease

27
Q

NLRP3 activated by?

A

Cellular stress, K efflux ATP ROS and lysosomal damage,

Inflammasome

28
Q

Inflammasome activation is essential for?

A

IL1 and IL18

29
Q

How is inflammasome activated?

A 
Uric acid crystals- gout
Asbestos
Silica
Amyloid beta 
Islet amyloid polypeptide
Hemozoin
30
Q

NLRP3 gain of function?

A

Cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome (CAPS)

Over production of IL1

31
Q

How can you stop IL1 for people with Muckle wells syndrome, and familial cold auto inflammatory syndrome?

A

Anakinra IL-1RA

32
Q

RIG I like receptors bind to?

A

Cytoplasmic 5’RNA and the signal to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and IFN

33
Q

MDA5 recognises?

A

Long double stranded RNA

34
Q

C-GAS STING recognises?

A

Double stranded DNA of viruses. Converts ATP/GTP to cGAMP, recognised by STING. STING signals to make interferon.

35
Q

STING gain of function?

A

Too much type 1 IFN, causing inflammation

Causes STING associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy SAVI

36
Q

Characteristic of acute phase response?

A

Raised erythrocytes sedimentation rate ESR and CRP

37
Q

Phagocytosis is performed by?

A

Neutrophils
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

38
Q

Antimicrobial mechanisms of phagocytes?

A 
Acidification 
Toxic oxygen products 
Toxic nitrogen products 
Antimicrobial peptides 
Enzymes
Competitors like lactoferrin
39
Q

Pattern recognition receptors?

A 
C type leptin
Toll like
Nod like
Rig 1 like
Cytosolic dna sensors
40
Q

DAMPS?

A

Damage associated molecular patterns, molecules released from necrotic cells

41
Q

C type lectin receptors cause?

A

Assist with phagocytosis and induce inflammatory cytokines production

E.g mbl

42
Q

In drosophila toll like receptor family had?

A

Dtoll and 18 wheeler

43
Q

Cell surface ligand bacterial?

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Flagellin
Lipoteichoic acid

44
Q

Endosomal ligands, for viral products and host?

A

DsRNA
SsRNA
DNA

45
Q

TLR signalling induces genes for?

A

Pro inflammatory and anti inflammatory cytokines

MHC and co stimulatory molecules

Antimicrobial peptides and complement components

46
Q

What are the adaptor proteins?

A

trif/TRAM

MyD88/Mal

47
Q

What do NK cells use to create holes?

A

Granzyme

Perforin

48
Q

Cells that are dying how are they detected?

A

By scavenger receptors on phagocytosis, noticing phospholipid changes

49
Q

Phagocyte mechanisms for the phagolysosomes?

A

Acidification less than 4

Toxic oxygen derived products
Toxic nitrogen products
Antimicrobial peptides
Lysozyme
Lactoferrin- sequesters iron needed for bacterial growth
50
Q

To signal TLRs have to?

A

Bring TIR domains together

51
Q

TLR2 binds to either?

A

TLR 6 for diacyl lipopeptides

TLR 1 for triacy lipopeptides

52
Q

TLR5 recognises?

A

Flagellin

53
Q

TLR4 recognises?

A

LPS

54
Q

TLR3 only uses which adaptor molecule?

A

TRIF, which gives rise to IFN

55
Q

MYD88 deficiency caused?

A

Life threatening, recurrent progenitor bacterial infections

56
Q

For allergy which TLR do you need to activate?

A

9

57
Q

Inflammasome caspases does what?

A

Cleaves pro-IL1 form

58
Q

What is Muckle well syndrome caused by?

A

Cold

59
Q

MDA5 mutations related with?

A

Lupus and Aicardi goutieres disease

60
Q

Acute phase response is induced by?

A

IL1 and Il 6 and TNF, produced by liver

61
Q

Signs of mucked wells syndrome?

A

Can occur spontaneously or be triggered by cold, heat, fatigue, or other stresses.
Symptoms of fever, rash, arthralgia, conjunctivitis, uveitis, sensorineural deafness, and potentially life-threatening amyloidosis

62
Q

Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome signs?

A

fever urticarial rash with headache, arthralgia, and sometimes conjunctivitis

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