Insect Ecology

Question 1

What does ecology mean, and who termed it and when?

Answer 1

Science of plants and animals in relation to their environment

Ernst Haekel-1869

Question 2

What does oikos mean?

Answer 2

house in greek

Question 3

What does insect ecology mean?

Answer 3

Study of insects in relationship to their environment

Question 4

What are biotic factors?

Answer 4

organisms living together, influencing others directly under natural conditions

Question 5

What do vital processes like growth, nutrition, and reproduction depend on?

Answer 5

interactions between individuals of same or different species

Question 6

What are abiotic factors?

Answer 6

non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment and how organisms live in it

Question 7

What are the three major disciplines in insect ecology?

Answer 7

trophic relationships

population ecology

community ecology

Question 8

How much energy is retained by different modes of nutrition? (3)

Answer 8

carnivore- 100%

omnivore- 10%

producers- 0.01%

Question 9

What are 6 types of trophic relationships?

Answer 9

Insect-plant interaction

Predator-prey interactions

Parasite-host interactions

Mutualistic association

Pollination ecology

Ecosystem function

Question 10

What are five factors of population ecology?

Answer 10

Demography

life histories

behavioral ecology

ecological genetics

population dynamics

Question 11

What are four factors for community ecology?

Answer 11

intraspecific and interspecific competition

community structure and organization

diversity and stability

paleoecology and biogeography

Question 12

How do insects and plants interact, and what 2 orders are the most diverse in regards to chewing?

Answer 12

herbivores/ phytophagous

coleoptera and lepidoptera

Question 13

In what ways do herbivorous insects interact with plants? (6)

Answer 13

leaf chewing

sap sucking

seed predation

gall inducing

leaf mining

pollen foraging

Question 14

What type of mining/boring do insects do? (4)

Answer 14

fruit

stalk

stem

wood

Question 15

How do predator-prey interactions occur? (3)

Answer 15

Ambush (sit and wait)

active foraging

phoresy

Question 16

What are two types of active foraging?

Answer 16

random- non-directional

non-random- directional

Question 17

What does phoresy mean?

Answer 17

organism is transferred from individual to individual

Question 18

What orders have great diversity regarding the parasitoid lifestyle?

Answer 18

Diptera

Hymenoptera

Question 19

How do insects carry out as parasite? (#)

Answer 19

Host specific

host discriminate

hyperparasitism

Question 20

How does the host get manipulated by a parasite? (2)

Answer 20

as an idiobiont

as a koinobiont

Question 21

what does idiobiont mean, and an example?

Answer 21

parasitization kills or paralyzes the host

zombie-making: Jewel wasp and cockroaches

Question 22

What does koinobiont mean, and examples?

Answer 22

a parasitoid lays eggs in a young host, which continue to grow, providing more resources to the young

wasp, polydnavirus, lepidopteran host

Question 23

What are four ecosystem functions?

Answer 23

productivity

decomposition

energy flow

nutrient-cycling

Question 24

6 types of ecological associations

Answer 24

competition (both negatively affected)

predation/ parasitism

ammensalism (one is unaffected, other is disadvantaged)

neutralism

commensalism

mutualism

Question 25

What are the five types of mutualism?

Answer 25

obligate facultative trophic defensive dispersive

Question 26

What is an example of obligate mutualism?

Answer 26

Yucca moth being a native pollinator for the Yucca plant

Question 27

What is an example of facultative mutualism?

Answer 27

bees acting as a general pollinator for.a variety of plants, with plants depending on other insects for pollination

Question 28

What is an example of trophic mutualism?

Answer 28

Protozoa in termite gut can provide digestion of wood, but protozoa depends on the microbiome of the termite

Question 29

What is an example of defensive mutualism?

Answer 29

Acacia plan provide shelter for ants to raise brood ant defends plant from herbivores

Question 30

What is an example of dispersive mutualism, and what is it specific to?

Answer 30

specific to pollinators bumblebee receives food from moving pollen or seeds plants benefit through cross-pollenation and transfer of genes

Question 31

What are two factors of pollination ecology?

Answer 31

abiotic pollination biotic pollination

Question 32

What is biotic pollination?

Answer 32

Coevolution with insects, with plants evolving to specific insects

Question 33

4 examples of biotic pollination evolution

Answer 33

Dipterphily- flies coleopeterophily- beetles hymenopterophily- bees and wasp mellitophily- bees lepidopterophily- butterflies

Question 34

What are 3 characteristics of dipterophily, where is pollen found, and an example?

Answer 34

red to mimic meat soe produce heat some produce smells like rotting meat or feces Sapromyophiles pollen found inside flower buds

Question 35

Five characteristics of coleopterophily.

Answer 35

radial symmetry open flowers during the day some possess many pollen clusters moderate nectar producers flowers often produce many leaves and petals

Question 36

7 characteristics of hymenopterophily

Answer 36

radial symmetry open flowers during the day flowers tend to be every color except red- often blue or purple can have nectar or pollen produce oils to attract pollinators mimics morphology of a female or its scent vibration may be required to release pollen

Question 37

five characteristics of lepidopterphily

Answer 37

radial symmetry flowers open during the day produce lots of nectar deep in the flower pollen found above nectar tubes tubular-shaped

Question 38

Five factors of population ecology

Answer 38

demography life histories behavioral ecology ecological genetics population dynamics

Question 39

What does demographics mean?

Answer 39

study based on the population of species

Question 40

How do insects affect population ecology? (2)

Answer 40

insects are small and numerous ecological functions of larvae and adults differ

Question 41

How do the ecological functions of larvae and adults differ?

Answer 41

larvae are responsible for regulating the population and consumption of resources adults disperse and reproduce

Question 42

How do expoinential growth and logistic growth differ, and how does it look?

Answer 42

Question 43

Why is exponential population growth not favored?

Answer 43

cannot continue indefinitely in a resource-limited environment

Question 44

What happens when population density approaches carrying capacity? (3)

Answer 44

competition intensifies mortality increases birth rate drops

Question 45

Five factors of carrying capacity

Answer 45

food water space shelter mating partners

Question 46

Three types of population growth

Answer 46

logistic/sigmoid curve boom and burst oscillation

Question 47

Seven factors of behavioral ecology in insects

Answer 47

feeding locomotion grooming reproduction learning migration communication

Question 48

What does diapause mean?

Answer 48

arrested development along with adaptive physiological changes, recommending after particular physical stimuli differs from hibernation and quiescence (dormancy)

Question 49

Two factors of diapause, and when it occurs

Answer 49

obligatory vs facultative length variable any stage from egg to adult

Question 50

6 factors effecting diapause

Answer 50

photoperiod temperature food quality moisture pH Chemicals

Question 51

three roles of insect in community ecology

Answer 51

foundation species keystone species invasive species

Question 52

What is an ecological niche? (2)

Answer 52

functional position of an organism in an environment job species performs within nature, with each species occupying its own niche

Question 53

What three factors comprises of an ecological niche?

Answer 53

habitat activity pattern resources