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3/4 textbook > Instrumental analysis of organic compounds > Flashcards

Instrumental analysis of organic compounds Flashcards

1
Q

Base peak

A

the most intense peak in a mass spectrum, which is assigned a relative abundance of 100%

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2
Q

Fragment ion

A

simple positively charged fragment formed from the cleavage of bonds in the molecular ion

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3
Q

Fragmentation

A

the process in which molecular ions undergo bond cleavage to form smaller fragments

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4
Q

Mass/charge ratio (m/z)

A

the ratio of the mass of an ion relative to its charge

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5
Q

Mass spectrometry

A

analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions in a sample

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6
Q

Molecular ion

A

the ion formed when a neutral molecule is bombarded with high-energy electrons

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7
Q

Molecular (parent) ion peak

A

the peak in the mass spectrum that corresponds to the molecular ion, which has the highest m/z ratio

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8
Q

Relative abundance

A

the abundance/intensity of an ion relative to the base peak

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9
Q

Absorbance

A

measure of the amount of light that is absorbed by a substance

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10
Q

Fingerprint region

A

complex absorption pattern in the region between 400 cm−1 and 1500 cm−1 that is unique to each organic compound

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11
Q

Infrared light

A

invisible electromagnetic radiation that transmits energy

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12
Q

Infrared spectroscopy

A

qualitative analytical technique that uses infrared radiation to analyse the bond vibrations, providing information about molecular structures and functional groups

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13
Q

Infrared spectrum

A

graph representing the absorbance of infrared light at different wavelengths within the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum

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14
Q

Transmittance

A

measure of the amount of light that passes through a substance

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15
Q

Wave number

A

the reciprocal of the wavelength of light measured in cm−1

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16
Q

13C-NMR spectroscopy

A

analytical technique that uses electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields to provide information about the number of non-equivalent carbon environments in an organic compound

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17
Q

13C-NMR spectrum

A

spectrum of chemical shift values in ppm relative to a chemical standard (usually TMS)

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18
Q

Carbon-13 nucleus

A

the nucleus of the carbon-13 isotope, which has an odd mass, allowing it to be detected by an NMR spectrometer

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19
Q

Chemical shift

A

the resonant frequency of an atomic nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field

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20
Q

Equivalent carbon environments

A

one or more carbon-13 nuclei attached to the same atom that are in identical chemical environments and are able to combine with adjacent carbon-13 nuclei to show as one peak in a spectrum

21
Q

Non-equivalent carbon environments

A

one or more carbon-13 nuclei attached to different atoms that are in different chemical environments

22
Q

Symmetrical

A

made up of exactly identical parts facing each other or around an axis

23
Q

1H-NMR (proton NMR) spectroscopy

A

analytical technique that uses electromagnetic radiation and magnetic fields to provide information about the number of non-equivalent proton environments in an organic compound and the number of protons in those environments

24
Q

1H-NMR spectrum

A

spectrum of chemical shift values in ppm relative to a chemical standard (usually TMS)

25
Q

Equivalent proton environments

A

one or more protons (hydrogen nuclei) attached to the same atom that are in identical environments and are able to combine with adjacent protons to show as one set of peaks in a spectrum

26
Q

High resolution

A

showing both singular peaks and distinct sets of peaks with splitting patterns

27
Q

Hydrogen nucleus

A

the nucleus of the hydrogen atom, which has an odd mass, allowing it to be detected by an NMR spectrometer

28
Q

Integration curve

A

curve on a 1H-NMR spectrum showing the relative number of protons in a proton environment

29
Q

Low resolution

A

showing only singular peaks without splitting patterns

30
Q

n+1 rule

A

the number of splits in a peak is equal to the number of protons in the neighbouring proton environment(s) (n)+1

31
Q

Non-equivalent proton environments

A

one or more protons (hydrogen nuclei) attached to different atoms that are in different chemical environments, causing splitting to adjacent protons

32
Q

Splitting pattern

A

the number of peaks shown in a set of peaks corresponding to a single non-equivalent proton environment`

33
Q

Adsorption

A

adhering of a component onto the stationary phase

34
Q

Calibration curve

A

a graphical representation of the relationship between the concentration of a substance and its corresponding response on a detector

35
Q

Chromatogram

A

visual output of chromatography

36
Q

Desorption

A

release of a component from the stationary phase by dissolving

37
Q

Eluent

A

solvent fluid that moves through a chromatography system

38
Q

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

A

chromatography technique in which the mobile phase and sample are pumped through a tightly packed stationary phase under pressure

39
Q

Interpolate

A

infer values from a graph within the range of data

40
Q

Miscibility

A

ability of two or more substances to dissolve in each other

41
Q

Mobile phase

A

fluid in a chromatography system that carries the sample over the stationary phase

42
Q

Origin

A

line at which samples are placed in paper and thin-layer chromatography

43
Q

Paper chromatography

A

chromatography technique using absorbent paper

44
Q

Peak area

A

the area enclosed between the peak and the baseline on a chromatogram

45
Q

Retention time (Rt)

A

time taken for a component in a sample to pass through an HPLC column

46
Q

Resolution (chromatography)

A

degree of separation between two different peaks on a chromatogram

47
Q

Stationary phase

A

solid onto which the components of a sample adsorb

48
Q

Thin-layer chromatography

A

chromatography technique using a thin stationary phase supported by an inert backing

49
Q

LC-MS

A

combined use of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

3/4 textbook (12 decks)

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