Integument

Question 1

integument includes what layers?

Answer 1

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, nails, glands, & nerves

Question 2

what are the functions of the integument?

Answer 2

protection, thermoregulation, sensory, metabolic, secretion

Question 3

where is thick skin located?

Answer 3

palms of hands and soles of feet (no hair follicles)

Question 4

where is thin skin located?

Answer 4

skin other than palms and soles of feet; thinner epidermis than thick skin & has hair follicles

Question 5

stratified squamous epithelial cells produce what?

Answer 5

keratinocytes

Question 6

what are the epidermal layers?

Answer 6

• stratum basale
• stratum spinosum
• stratum granulosum
• stratum lucidum
• stratum corneum

Question 7

characteristics of stratum basale?

Answer 7

single layer of columnar to cuboidal shaped cells; numerous mitotic figures; numerous intermediate filaments (tonofilaments); desmosomes

Question 8

what binds cells to basal lamina?

Answer 8

hemidesmosomes

Question 9

characteristics of stratum spinosum?

Answer 9

cells: cuboidal, polygonal, slightly flat; cytokeratin aggregates to form tonofibrils; some mitotic figures

Question 10

characteristics of stratum granulosum?

Answer 10

3-5 layers of flat polygonal cells; basophilic cytoplasm with keratohyaline granules; rod-like lamellar granules (keratinosomes); has glycolipid penetration barrier

Question 11

characteristics of stratum lucidum?

Answer 11

only in thick skin; thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells; no organelles/nuclei; contains eleidin (product of keratohyalin)

Question 12

characteristics of stratum corneum?

Answer 12

15-20 layers of flat nonnucleated cells with keratin

Question 13

dead flattened cells

Answer 13

squames

Question 14

what is necessary for skin healing?

Answer 14

retinol (vitamin A) because its a factor for keratinocyte differentiation

Question 15

first degree burn?

Answer 15

extends down to stratum lucidum

Question 16

second degree burn?

Answer 16

extends down to stratum basale

Question 17

third degree burn?

Answer 17

extends into dermis

Question 18

where are glycolipids secreted to form multilayered lipids intracellularly?

Answer 18

stratum granulusom

Question 19

what links to the side of the cell membrane of stratum corneum?

Answer 19

protein complex of involucrin-small proline rich loricrin complex & keratin-filagrin aggregates

Question 20

melanocytes

Answer 20

pigment producing cells of stratum basale derived from neural crest

Question 21

cytocrine secretion

Answer 21

process by which melanocytes distribute melanin to other cells & hair

Question 22

what cells undergo exocytosis & endocytosis of pigment granules?

Answer 22

keratinocytes

Question 23

where does melanin form?

Answer 23

melanosomes derived from golgi

Question 24

which enzyme is needed for melanin synthesis?

Answer 24

tyrosinase

Question 25

addison's disease

Answer 25

lack of cortisol from adrenal cortex which causes overproduction of ACTH ----> increases skin pigmentation

Question 26

albinism

Answer 26

melanocytes do not make melanin

Question 27

loss of melanocytes causes?

Answer 27

depigmentation (vitiligo)

Question 28

langerhan's cells

Answer 28

star shaped; mostly in stratum spinosum/dermis near blood vessels

Question 29

where are langerhan's cells derived?

Answer 29

bone marrow (magrophage lineage)

Question 30

what is something langerhan's cells don't do?

Answer 30

form desmosomal attachments with other cells

Question 31

describe the granules in a langerhan's cell

Answer 31

membrane bound, rod like shape called birbeck or vermiform granules that contain proteins (langerin) for antigen uptake

Question 32

merkel's cell

Answer 32

tactile epitheloid cell associated with sensory nerve ending; primarily in thick skin of palms/soles; base of cell in contact with neuron

Question 33

what does the cytoplasm of a merkel's cell contain?

Answer 33

small dense granules that may be related to catecholamine granules of neurosecretory cells

Question 34

dermis

Answer 34

made of CT; supports epidermis & binds it to hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)

Question 35

how does the dermis connect with the epidermis?

Answer 35

dermal papillae

Question 36

epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae?

Answer 36

epidermal ridges or rete ridges

Question 37

anchoring fibrils

Answer 37

collagenous; extend from basal lamina to dermis/epidermis by anchoring plaques

Question 38

papillary layer of dermis made of?

Answer 38

loose CT (fibroblasts, mast cells, & macrophages)

Question 39

reticular layer of dermis composed of?

Answer 39

dense irregular CT; thicker than papillary layer

Question 40

dermis also contains

Answer 40

follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands, nerves

Question 41

which layer is important for thermoregulation?

Answer 41

papillary layer ---> extensive capillary network

Question 42

hypdermis

Answer 42

deeper continuation of dermis made of loose CT & adipose tissue

Question 43

where are pacinian corpuscles found?

Answer 43

dermis/hypodermis junction

Question 44

hair follicle

Answer 44

invagination of epidermis that terminates in a hair bulb

Question 45

dermal papilla projects into?

Answer 45

hair bulb

Question 46

what forms the hair root?

Answer 46

epidermal cells covering dermal papilla that continues with hair shaft

Question 47

what forms hair medulla?

Answer 47

cells at apex of dermal papilla produce large, vacuolated, keratinized cells

Question 48

what forms hair cortex?

Answer 48

cells in papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells

Question 49

what produces hair cuticle?

Answer 49

peripheral cells in root

Question 50

internal and external root sheath produced by?

Answer 50

peripheral root cells

Question 51

glassy membrane

Answer 51

separates hair follicle from dermis; thickened basal lamina

Question 52

arrector pili muscles

Answer 52

smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle CT sheath

Question 53

sebaceous glands

Answer 53

not on palms/soles; holocrine gland

Question 54

sebum

Answer 54

dead cells & cell contents

Question 55

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

Answer 55

eccrine/merocrine sweat glands (simple coiled tubular glands) that receive cholinergic nerve fibers

Question 56

where do merocrine glands open into?

Answer 56

skin surface

Question 57

where is the secretory portion of sweat gland?

Answer 57

deep in dermis

Question 58

what kind of cells do sweat glands have?

Answer 58

myoepithelial cells (contractile); dark cells=mucoid/pyramidal cells; clear cells=no secretory granules but lots of glycogen

Question 59

what do dark cells secrete?

Answer 59

glycoproteins (mucous)

Question 60

what do clear cells secrete?

Answer 60

water & electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi

Question 61

apocrine glands located?

Answer 61

axillary, areolar, & anal regions ---> ducts open into hair follicles

Question 62

what do apocrine glands produce?

Answer 62

viscous protein containing secretion

Question 63

what nerve fibers do apogrine glands receive?

Answer 63

adrenergic

Question 64

what mechanism of secretion does apocrine glands have?

Answer 64

merocrine mechanism

Question 65

liver spots

Answer 65

large freckle due to sun exposure in older people

Question 66

actinic keratosis

Answer 66

precancerous condition of thick scaly patches of skin

Question 67

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 67

90% of skin cancer; slow growing & treatable

Question 68

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 68

develops in sun damaged areas (actinic keratosis due to sun damage)

Question 69

malignant melanoma

Answer 69

derived from melanocytes; difficult to treat

Question 70

psoriasis

Answer 70

immune related, genetic disease; red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia ----> joint problems