Respiratory System

Question 1

conducting portion

Answer 1

delivers air to lungs; warms, moistens, & filters air

Question 2

respiratory portion

Answer 2

structures within lungs where oxygen is exchanged for CO2 in blood

Question 3

conducting portion includes?

Answer 3

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal broncioles

Question 4

nasal cavity consists of?

Answer 4

vestibule, olfactory segment, & respiratory segment

Question 5

nares (nostril openings)

Answer 5

outer portion; thin skin

Question 6

vestibule

Answer 6

• 1st internal nasal cavity structure
• lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous
• posterior: pseudostratified ciliated columnar
• contains vibrissae (short hairs) to filter large particles
• seromucous glands in vascular lamina propria

Question 7

olfactory epithelium

Answer 7

located in roof of nasal cavity on sides of nasal septum and on superior nasal conchae

Question 8

what kind of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 8

pseudostratified columnar that contains olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells

Question 9

what does the lamina propria of olfactory epithelium contain?

Answer 9

veins, unmyelinated nerves, & Bowman’s glands

Question 10

describe olfactory cells

Answer 10

• bipolar nerve cells
• 30-60 day life span
• bulbous apical projection (olfactory vesicle) with modified cillia

Question 11

olfactory cilia

Answer 11

very long, nonmotile cilia that extends over the olfactory epithelium surface; odor receptors

Question 12

supporting (sustentacular) cells

Answer 12

apically located nuclei with many microvilli & a prominent terminal web; physical & metabolic support to olfactory cells

Question 13

basal cells

Answer 13

in contact with basal lamina that don’t extend to surface; regenerative stem cells for other cells in olfactory epithelium

Question 14

bowman’s glands

Answer 14

produces thin, watery secretions that are released onto olfactory epithelium via ducts

Question 15

nasopharynx

Answer 15

• posterior continuation of nasal cavities that becomes oropharynx at soft palate
• lined by respiratory epithelium
• contains lymphoid tissue & nasopharyngeal tonsil

Question 16

larynx

Answer 16

• connects pharynx with trachea
• hyaline & elastic cartilage
• contains striated muscle, CT, & glands

Question 17

vocal cords

Answer 17

consists of skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament (band of elastic fibers), & a covering of stratified squamous epithelium

Question 18

vestibular folds

Answer 18

• lie superior to vocal cords; folds of loose CT containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, & fat cells
• contains stratified squamous epithelium

Question 19

what kind of cartilage does the trachea have?

Answer 19

C-shaped hyaline cartilage with open ends posterior that contains smooth muscle called trachealis

Question 20

what permits trachea to elongate during inhalation?

Answer 20

dense fibroelastic CT between adjacent C rings

Question 21

what layers does the trachea have?

Answer 21

• mucosa (epithelium & lamina propria)
• submucosa
• cartilage
• adventitia

Question 22

tracheal epithelium

Answer 22

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells, mucus cells, brush cells, small granule cells, & basal cells

Question 23

brush cell

Answer 23

columnar cell with blunt microvilli on surface; basal portion in contact with afferent nerve ending (receptor cell)

Question 24

small granule cell

Answer 24

contains dense granules, catecholamines, or other polypeptide hormones; a part of the diffuse endocrine system
**bronchial cells of Kulchitsky

Question 25

basal cell

Answer 25

reserve stem cell for epithelium

Question 26

primary bronchi

Answer 26

2; one for each lung | **similar to trachea but cartilage rings go all the way around

Question 27

what are the layers of bronchi?

Answer 27

- mucosa - muscularis - submucosa - cartilage layer - adventitia

Question 28

primary bronchioles

Answer 28

lack glands in submucosa; walls made of smooth muscle not cartilage

Question 29

what epithelium do primary bronchioles have?

Answer 29

ciliated columnar with goblet cells in large bronchioles and ciliated columnar with clara cells in small bronchioles

Question 30

terminal bronchioles

Answer 30

lacks glands in submucosa; walls contain smooth muscle (no cartilage) **most distal part of conducting portion of respiratory system

Question 31

what epithelium do terminal bronchioles have?

Answer 31

simple cuboidal epithelium containing clara cells, ciliated cells, but NO goblet cells

Question 32

clara cells

Answer 32

dome-shaped apical surface, no cilia; secretes glycosaminoglycans that protect bronchiolar lining **contains cytochrome P-450 enzymes in smooth ER

Question 33

respiratory broncioles

Answer 33

transition to respiratory portion of lung with alveoli

Question 34

what cells do respiratory bronchioles contain?

Answer 34

simple cuboidal lining with clara cells and ciliated cells

Question 35

alveolar ducts

Answer 35

- passageway that leads from respiratory bronchioles - most distal part that contains smooth muscle - lined by simple squamous epithelium with type I/II pneumocytes

Question 36

alveolar sacs

Answer 36

outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at distal end of alveolar duct

Question 37

alveoli

Answer 37

pouch-like invaginations in respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, & alveolar sacs

Question 38

interalveolar septa

Answer 38

separates alveoli

Question 39

alveolar pores

Answer 39

in interalveolar septa that equalizes pressure between alveoli

Question 40

what kind of fibers exist in alveoli?

Answer 40

elastic & reticular fibers in walls

Question 41

what kind of cells exist in alveoli?

Answer 41

simple squamous epithelium of type I & II pneumocytes

Question 42

what's the function of alveoli?

Answer 42

site of O2 and CO2 diffusion between air & blood

Question 43

type I pneumocytes

Answer 43

- cover 95% of alveolar surface - form tight junctions between cells - does not divide

Question 44

type II pneumocytes

Answer 44

- cuboidal/found near septal intersections - apical cytoplasm with microvilli - form tight junctions

Question 45

how are type II different than type I pneumocytes?

Answer 45

type II can divide and regenerate both types of pneumocyte cells

Question 46

cytoplasmic lamellar bodies

Answer 46

storage inclusion for pulmonary surfactant

Question 47

what kind of epithelium does interalveolar septa have?

Answer 47

outer: simple squamous epithelium

Question 48

what is found in the central region of interaveolar septa?

Answer 48

continuous (tight junctions) capillaries

Question 49

blood-gas barrier

Answer 49

- type I pneumocytes & surfactant | - fused basal lamina of pneumocytes & capillary endothelial cells

Question 50

pulmonary surfactant

Answer 50

4 proteins & a phospholipid called DPPC

Question 51

lung macrophages

Answer 51

- dust cells (70-85% of airway cells) - found in interstitial septal CT - increase in response to inflammation

Question 52

hyaline membrane disease

Answer 52

- neonatal respiratory distress syndrome - in premies - lack adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant - labored breathing - treated with glucocorticoids to induce surfactant production

Question 53

emphysema

Answer 53

- destruction of respiratory bronchioles - cyst like sacs: reduce gas exchange surface area - decreased lung elasticity - alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency & smoking are causes

Question 54

pulmonary edema

Answer 54

- fluid leaks into interstitial tissues & alveoli - left ventricle dysfunction causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries & increases hydrostatic pressure - destruction of endothelial lining

Question 55

asthma

Answer 55

- constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle - difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, & inflammatory cell infiltration - treated with epinephrine (smooth muscle relaxants)

Question 56

hydrothorax

Answer 56

fluid in pleural cavity

Question 57

pneumothorax

Answer 57

air in pleural cavity