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Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

understanding on lesions develop

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2
Q

what is pathophysiology

A

understanding how lesions result in clinical signs

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3
Q

what is the most frequently biopsied organ

A

skin

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4
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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5
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis composed of

A

keratinocytes

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6
Q

which layer of the epidermis is composed on corneocytes

A

stratum corneum

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7
Q

what are corneocytes

A

keratinized cells

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the stratum corneum

A

protective outer barrier

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9
Q

what is the stratum granulosum made of

A

keratohylin granules

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10
Q

what layer of the epidermis is polyhedral-shaped cells with desmosomal attachments which are visible histologically as intercellular bridges

A

stratum spinosum

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11
Q

what layer of the epidermis containing single layer of cuboidal cells resting on the basement membrane basal cells with specialized cells

A

stratum basale

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12
Q

what cells make up the layers of epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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13
Q

what separates the epidermis and dermis

A

basement membrane zone

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14
Q

what provides intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes

A

desmosomes

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15
Q

what provides attachment of the epidermis to the basement membrane

A

hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

what layer of the skin is composed of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in glycosaminoglycan ground substance

A

dermis

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the dermis

A

provides support for epidermis, adnexa, vessels, and nerves

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18
Q

true or false:
the dermis has a lot of inflammatory cells present under normal conditions

A

false

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19
Q

what are the sensory nerves in the dermis

A

free nerve endings
meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles

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20
Q

what attaches the dermis to underlying musculoskeletal system

A

subcutis (hypodermis, panniculus)

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21
Q

what is the subcutis made up of

A

adipose tissue
collagenous and elastic fibers

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22
Q

what layer of the skin contains the hair follicles

A

adnexa

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23
Q

what part of the hair growth cycle is the growth period

A

anagen

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24
Q

what part of the hair cycle is the transition period

A

catagen

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25
what part of the hair growth cycle is the resting period
telogen
26
what part of the hair growth cycle is the shedding period
exogen
27
true or false: hair growth is affected by photoperiod
true
28
what nutrient is necessary for hair synthesis
protein
29
why would sick animals have more hair follicles in telogen
less protein synthesis = resting period
30
why would sick animals have more hair follicles in telogen
less protein synthesis = resting period
31
what are the types of sweat glands
apocrine eccrine
32
which sweat gland opens into hair follicle "epitrichial glands" undergo apocrine secretion
apocrine
33
how does the apocrine secrete
membrane budding
34
which sweat glands are located on footpads on dogs and cats with "atrichial glands"
eccrine
35
how do eccrine sweat glands secrete
merocrine secretion exocytosis
36
which type of gland opens into deeper area of hair shaft to lubricate the hair shaft under holocrine secretion
sebaceous glands
37
what is the most important barrier against infection and fluid loss
stratum corneum
38
what are the steps to regeneration and repair
1. blood clotting 2. inflammation 3. RE-epithelialization 4. fibroplasia 5. angiogenesis 6. wound contraction 7. tissue remodeling
39
what is the purpose of inflammation
12-24 hours post injury recruitment of inflammatory cells
40
how does re-epitheliazation occur
3-7 days post injury keratinocytes migrate and proliferate to cover the wounds
41
what is re-establised do to re-epitheliaztion
basement membrane zone
42
what is the hallmark histologic feature of healing
granulation tissue
43
what is granulation tissue made up of
fibroplasia angiogenesis
44
what is the transformation of squamous epithelial cells into the keratin layers of the stratum corneum, hair, nails
cornification
45
what type of lesion is flaky and scaley skin
hyperkeratosis
46
what is the classic case of primary disorder of cornification disorders
primary seborrhea of the cocker spaniel
47
what are considered secondary disorders of cornification disorders
-occurs as a response to chronic stimuli such as inflammation and trauma -nutritional disorders (vitamin A deficiency)
48
true or false: disruption of the stratum corneum predisposes to infections
true
49
what is acanthosis
epidermal hyperplasia diffuse thickening of the epidermis with increased number of keratinocytes
50
what are 7 disorders of the epidermis
1. cornification disorders 2. epidermal hyperplasia 3. dyskeratosis 4. apoptosis 5. necrosis 6. dysplasia 7.atrophy
51
what disorder is the premature keratinization of epidermal cells
dyskeratosis
52
what disorder typically occurs with immune-mediated disorder
apoptosis
53
what are 2 common causes of apoptosis within epidermis
lupus erythematosus erythema multiforme
54
what is the necrosis of superficial epidermis
erosion
55
what is the necrosis of full epidermis and partial dermis
ulceration
56
what disorder is abnormal development / alteration in size, shape and organization of keratinocytes
dysplasia
57
what can dysplasia be commonly seen with
ulceration and chronic inflammation
58
true or false: dysplasia can precede to become malignant
true (carcinoma in situ)
59
what is the decrease in the number and size of keratinocytes
atrophy
60
true or false: atrophy is a consequence of sublethal cellular injury
true
61
what is fluid accumulation between cells
edema
62
what is intercellular edema of the epidermis
spongiosis
63
what is spongiosis common with
epidermal inflammation caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS or MALASSEZIA
64
what is keratinocyte swelling limited to the basal keratinocyte layer
hydropic degeneration
65
what are types of intracellular fluid accumulation
hydropic degeneration ballooning degeneration
66
what is keratinocyte swelling within multiple layers
ballooning degeneration
67
what causes ballooning degeneration
epidermal damage and numerous viruses
68
what are the epidermal responses to fluid balance and cellular adhesion changes
1. edema and intracellular fluid 2. acantholysis 3. vesicles
69
what is the disruption of intercellular junctions between keratinocytes of the epidermis
acantholysis
70
what is the result of acantholysis
dissociation of keratinocytes and formation of epidermal vesicles / pustules
71
what can cause acantholysis
type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity
72
what are 2 common type II cytotoxic hypersensitivities associated with acantholysis
pemphigus foliaceus pemphigus vulgaris
73
where does pemphigus foliaceus commonly occur
superficial epidermis
74
where does pemphigus vulgaris normally occur
deep epidermis
75
what are fluid-filled spaces within or beneath the epidermis
vesicles
76
if the vesicle is >1cm, what is it called
bulla
77
if a vesicle pops, what is the result
ulcer left behind
78
what is commonly accompanied by spongiosis
epidermitis
79
what is inflammation of epidermis
epidermitis
80
what can accumulate within the epidermis and form intra-epidermal pustules
neutrophils
81
what is composed of dried fluid and cellular debris on the skin surface to indicate an exudative process
serocellular crusts
82
how can hyperpigmentation occur
increased production of melanin increased number of melanocytes
83
what are the causes of alteration in epidermal pigmentation
hyperpigmentation hypopigmentation pigmentary incontinence
84
what causes pigmentary incontinence
loss of melanin by damage to the stratum basale with accumulation of melanin within macrophages
85
what are some disorders/ alterations in dermal growth and differentiation
1. dermal atrophy 2. fibrosis 3. collagen dysplasia 4. solar elastosis
86
what disorder leads to a decrease in the quantity of collagen and fibroblasts in the dermis causing a decrease thickness of the dermis
dermal atrophy
87
what causes dermal atrophy
caused by catabolic conditions
88
what is commonly seen with dermal atrophy
comedones
89
what disorder of the dermis is gradual deposition and maturation of collagen to form scar tissue
fibrosis
90
how does fibrosis form
proliferation of fibroblasts and newly formed collagen fibrils
91
what disorder is a rare inherited abnormality of collagen that results in decreased tensile strength and increased stretchability of the skin
collagen dysplasia
92
what is caused by chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation leading to increased number of thick, interwoven, basophilic elastic fibers in the superficial dermis
solar elastosis
93
what are 3 abnormal deposits in the dermis
1. amyloid 2. mucin 3. calcium
94
what deposition in the dermis is composed of glucosaminoglycans bound to hyaluronic acid
mucin
95
what are the 3 forms of calcium deposition
dystrophic metastatic idiopathic
96
which type of calcium deposition is a result of chronic injury or degeneration
dystrophic
97
which type of calcium deposition is a result of deposition of calcium in tissues during hypercalcemia
metastatic
98
what is an unknown cause of dermal calcification
idiopathic calcium deposition

Pathology (18 decks)

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