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Urinary System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 top developmental anormalities

A

juvenile progressive nephropathy
ectopic kidney
fused kidney
renal cysts
polycystic kidney disease

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2
Q

what are the top 2 glomerular diseases to be aware of

A

immune complex glomerulonephritis
glomerular amyloidosis

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3
Q

what are the 2 inherited abnormalities of the tubules

A

primary renal glucosuria
Basenji dog Fanconi syndrome

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4
Q

what is the outcome of primary renal glucosuria

A

reduced capacity of tubules to reabsorb glucose

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5
Q

true or false
primary renal glucosuria will show no lesions

A

true
there is only a presence of functional deficit

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6
Q

in what species is primary renal glucosuria most common in

A

Norwegian elkhounds

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7
Q

what is the pathogenesis of Basenji dog Fanconi Syndrome

A

reduced tubular absorptive function

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8
Q

what is the most common cause of acute renal failure

A

acute tubular necrosis

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9
Q

what is most commonly associated with acute tubular necrosis

A

nephrotoxicity or ischemia

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10
Q

what are some common nephrotoxic pigments present with acute tubular necrosis

A

hemoglobinuric nephrosis
myoglobinuric nephrosis

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11
Q

which nephrotoxic pigment is caused by increased serum concentration of hemoglobin which results in hemoglobinuria when the renal threshold for resorption is exceeded

A

hemoglobinuric nephrosis

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12
Q

what toxicity in horses can cause hemoglobinuric nephropathy

A

red maple toxicity

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13
Q

when is myoglobinuric nephrosis seen

A

high serum concentrations of myoglobin

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14
Q

what are some common causes of myoglobinuric nephrosis in large animals

A

exertional myopathy (horses)
rhabdomyolysis
severe muscle trauma

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15
Q

what is arguably the most important cause of acute tubular necrosis in wildlife

A

heavy metals

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16
Q

describe the pathogenesis of NSAID nephrotoxicity

A

decrease synthesis of renal prostaglandins
renal vasoconstriction –> ischemic injury
acute renal failure

renal papillary necrosis in horses

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17
Q

what fungus is responsible for mycotoxin damage of the kidney

A

aspergillus (aflatoxin) and penicillium spp

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18
Q

how do animals often acquire mycotoxins

A

common feed contamination

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19
Q

which plant toxin can cause acute tubular necrosis and perirenal edema in pigs and cattle

A

pigweed

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20
Q

what plant toxin is responsible for oxalate nephrosis

A

oxalate-rich plants

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21
Q

what occurs because of a plant toxin when calcium oxalates precipitate in the renal tubules which form crystals

A

oxalate nephrosis

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22
Q

because of tannins, what can lead to acute renal failure and uremia in dogs

A

grapes and raisins

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23
Q

what plant is highly toxic to cats and leads to acute renal failure

A

lilies

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24
Q

what plant is toxic to ruminants and horses due to tannins

A

oak

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25
which chemical can cause oxalate nephrosis and renal failure in dogs and cats due to the production of oxalate and glycolic acid
ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
26
what pet food contaminant results in acute tubular necrosis with characteristic irregular brown birefringent crystals
melamine cyanuric acid
27
which vitamin can lead to hypercalcemia and cause metastatic mineralization in cats and dogs
vitamin D toxicosis
28
how do cats and dogs often acquire vitamin D toxicosis
ingestion of calciferol-containing rodenticides
29
which disease typically results in a 'pulpy kidney'
bacterial toxins
30
what is the most common bacterial toxin to cause pulpy kidney
clostridium perfringens type D
31
what is the pathogenesis of clostridium perfringens type D
bilateral acute tubular degeneration and necrosis with interstitial edema and hemorrhage
32
what is the dilation of the renal pelvis due to obstruction of urine outflow
hydronephrosis
33
what can hydronephrosis lead to
death due to uremia and hyperkalemia
34
what is the result of an ascending bacterial infection leading to infection of the renal pelvis with extension to the renal tubules
pyelonephritis
35
what can be seen grossly with a pyelonephritis
expansion of the renal pelvis by purulent exudate
36
in horses, what is a common disease of the renal pelvis due to ischemic injury caused by NSAIDs
papillary necrosis
37
what are the 3 diseases of the interstitium
granulomatous nephritis xanthogranulomas renal interstitial amyloidosis
38
what interstitium disease is commonly associated with cats with inherited hyperlipoproteinemia
xanthogranulomas
39
xanthogranlomas are seen in what types of dogs
dogs with hypothyroidism and severe atherosclerosis
40
what interstitium disease is commonly seen in abyssinian cats with medullary interstitial fibrosis
renal interstitial amyloidosis
41
what is the most common neoplastic disease in the urinary bladder
transitional cell papilloma and carcinoma
42
true or false: transitional cell carcinoma has a very high metastatic potential
true
43
what is the most common primary renal neoplasm of the kidney
renal carcinoma
44
what animals often see higher counts of renal carcinoma
older dogs german shepherds -- also see nodular dermatofibrosis
45
what neoplastic embryonal tumor is common in pigs, chickens and some fish
nephroblastoma
46
true or false any metastatic neoplasm can occur in the kidney
true
47
what is a common neoplasm that may be primary or metastatic
renal lymphoma
48
what are 2 common invasive malignant adrenal tumors in close proximity to the kidney and may cause disease of the kidney
pheochromocytoma adrenocortical carcinoma
49
what are the 5 most common lower urinary tract anormalies
aplasia hypoplasia ectopic ureter patent urachus urinary bladder diverticulum
50
which lower urinary tract anomaly is a lack of formation of a recognizable ureter
aplasia
51
which lower urinary tract anomaly results in a smaller than normal ureter with reduce diameter
hypoplasia
52
which lower urinary tract anomaly results in the ureters emptying in the wrong place
ectopic ureter
53
what is the most common malformation of the urinary bladder
patent urachus
54
what occurs when the fetal urachus fails to close and involute completely which forms a channel between the bladder's apex and the umbilicus
patent urachus
55
which species is most commonly affected by patent urachus
foals
56
what anomaly is the outpocketing of the bladder wall
urinary bladder diverticulum
57
what is the dilation of the ureter and urethra caused by urine outflow obstruction
hydroureter and hydrourethra
58
what are some clinical signs of hydroureter and hydrourethra
urinary obstruction post renal azotemia pain hyperkalemia
59
what can occur due to an increase in the precipitation of stone-forming salts resulting in urinary calculi formation
urolithiasis
60
what is the medical term for the formation of stones
uroliths
61
what leads to the precipitation of mineral salts
supersaturation of urine
62
what crystals are responsible for infection calculi
struvite crystals
63
which dog breed is predisposed to struvite crystals
mini schnauzers
64
which crystal is commonly seen in canine urine
bilirubin crystals
65
if bilirubin crystals are seen in feline urine, what should be investigated
cholestatic disease
66
what type of crystal occurs in dalmations on allopurinol therapy for urate urolithiasis
amorphous xanthine crystals
67
which dog breeds are predisposed to calcium oxalate urolithiasis
mini schnauzers and bishon frise
68
which crystal type is associated with acute renal failure and picket fence crystalluria leading to ethylene glycol toxicosis
calcium oxalate monohydrate
69
which type of crystals are common in dogs and cats with congenital or acquired portal vascular anomalies
ammonium biurate
70
what is the most common cause of obstructive uropathy
urolithiasis
71
what can cause acute cystitis in horses due to ingestion
blister beetle
72
what can cause acute cystitis, hematuria, and urinary bladder neoplasia in cattle due to ingestion
bracken fern toxicosis
73
what are the gross lesions of acute cystitis
edema hemorrhage ulceration purulent exudate
74
what is the most common causes of chronic cystitis
chronic bacterial infection urolithiasis
75
what are the gross lesions associated with chronic cystitis
diffusely redded roughened thickened mucosa
76
what is the most common mesenchymal tumor in the bladder of a dog
leiomyoma

Pathology (18 decks)

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