Vascular Disorders

Question 1

cardiac output =

Answer 1

beats per minute * stroke volume

Question 2

stroke volume =

Answer 2

volume of blood per beat by ventricle

Question 3

which side of the circulatory system pumps to the lungs

Answer 3

right side

Question 4

which side of the circulatory system pumps systemically

Answer 4

left

Question 5

what is responsible for the exchange of nutrients and waste products

Answer 5

systemic microvasculature

Question 6

true or false:
arteries have large diameter lumens

Answer 6

true

Question 7

which vessel allows rapid blood flow with minimal resistance and a thick tunica media

Answer 7

arteries

Question 8

which vessels are responsible for distributing blood to the greatest areas of need

Answer 8

arterioles

Question 9

true or false:
arterioles are major vascular resistance vessels

Answer 9

true

Question 10

what controls the lumen of the arterioles

Answer 10

smooth muscle + elastic fiber
sympathetic innervation

Question 11

what vessel has thin walls and inter-endothelial pores to support nutrient/waste product exchange between blood and tissues

Answer 11

capillaries

Question 12

which tissues in the body have continuous capillaries

Answer 12

brain (blood-brain barrier)
muscle
lung
bone

Question 13

which tissues have fenestrated capillaries

Answer 13

renal glomeruli
intestines
endocrine
choroid plexuses

Question 14

what is able to pass through fenestrated capillaries

Answer 14

small solutes only

Question 15

which capillaries are ideal to pass leukocytes, RBCs, platelets and large proteins

Answer 15

discontinuous (sinusoidal)

Question 16

which tissues would you expect to see discontinuous capillaries

Answer 16

liver
spleen
bone marrow
lymph nodes

Question 17

what is the first vessel in the systemic circulation return blood to the heart

Answer 17

venules

Question 18

which vessels have low vascular resistance, low pressure and has valves to prevent backflow

Answer 18

venules/ veins

Question 19

how is the blood able to move back towards the heart in the vein

Answer 19

valves
negative pressure in the lung
decreased pressure in the heart during filling

Question 20

what are blind-ended capillaries parallel to vascular capillaries

Answer 20

lymphatic vessels

Question 21

what are the characteristics of the lymphatic system vessels

Answer 21

large inter-endothelial gaps
valves to prevent back flow
low pressure vessels w/ smooth muscle to allow fluid to enter back into blood

Question 22

in right sided heart failure, which vessels have increased pressure and where does blood pool?

Answer 22

systemic circulation – portal veins
liver = ascites in abdomen

Question 23

in left sided heart failure, which vessels have increased pressure and where will blood pool

Answer 23

pulmonary vessels
lungs - pleural edema & pulmonary edema

Question 24

what is the pressure in a fluid system acted on by a pump

Answer 24

hydraulic pressure

Question 25

what pressure is the force applied to arterial walls

Answer 25

systolic blood pressure

Question 26

what does systolic blood pressure favor

Answer 26

filtration

Question 27

which pressure creates an osmotic pressure

Answer 27

colloidal osmotic pressure

Question 28

what does colloidal osmotic pressure favor

Answer 28

retention of fluid

Question 29

what is the main contributor to oncotic pressure

Answer 29

albumin

Question 30

which end of the systemic capillaries will have a positive net filtration

Answer 30

arteriolar end

Question 31

why does the arteriolar end have a positive net filtration

Answer 31

positive net filtration = filtration out of the vessel

Question 32

which end of the systemic capillaries has a negative net reabsorption

Answer 32

venule end

Question 33

why is it important to keep a negative net reabsorption in the venule end

Answer 33

encourages resorption of fluid and proteins

Question 34

what does the oncotic pressure gradient depend on

Answer 34

intravascular v extravascular protein concentrations

Question 35

where does most fluid return to in the body

Answer 35

low pressure venules

Question 36

what removes the excess interstitial fluid in cases threatening edema

Answer 36

lymphatics

Question 37

what can occur if there is disfunction of the lymphatic system

Answer 37

edema in periphery and tissues because there is nothing 'sucking' the water back up

Question 38

true or false: the arteriolar end has a net driving pressure outward causing filtration due to high hydraulic pressure

Answer 38

true

Question 39

true or false: venous end has a net driving pressure inward due to low P cap encouraging resorption

Answer 39

true

Question 40

what pressure is responsible for keeping fluids in vessels due to albumin

Answer 40

oncotic pressure

Question 41

what 'defects' would cause fluid leakage from the blood into the interstitium causing edema

Answer 41

increased hydraulic pressure decreased oncotic pressure

Question 42

what can act as a fluid buffer compartment to increase or decrease plasma volume to ensure effective circulatory function

Answer 42

interstitial ECF

Question 43

if there is an increased plasma volume with water moving into the interstitium, what can occur

Answer 43

cell swelling (hypervolemia)

Question 44

if there is decreased plasma volume and water leaves the interstitium, what can occur

Answer 44

cells shrink (hypovolemia)

Question 45

what are the 4 major alternations in capillary dynamics that cause edematous states

Answer 45

intravascular permeability increased hydraulic pressure decreased oncotic pressure decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 46

what are some causes of increased intravascular permeability

Answer 46

inflammatory vasoactive substances infectious agents immune mediated mechanisms toxins clotting abnormalities

Question 47

what can form/occur due to increased intravascular permeability

Answer 47

exudates - leakage of proteins and movement of inflammatory cells into spaces

Question 48

what are some caused of increased hydraulic pressure

Answer 48

heart failure localized venous obstruction fluid overload

Question 49

what can cause imbalance between intravascular and interstitial compartments in cardiac failure leading to edema

Answer 49

alteration in capillary dynamics 1. decreased cardiac output leads to fluid moves to interstitium 2. decreased plasma fluid volume triggers retention of sodium and water by kidney -- augments edema

Question 50

what is the main cause of decreased intravascular osmotic pressure

Answer 50

decreased albumin production due to liver failure or malnutrition

Question 51

what are some causes of decreased lymphatic drainage of excess interstitial fluid

Answer 51

neoplasia lymphangitis

Question 52

what stains pink on a slide due to protein concentration

Answer 52

edema

Question 53

how are effusions termed

Answer 53

by location

Question 54

where would you expect to see hydropericardium

Answer 54

pericardial effusion

Question 55

what is a pleural effusion

Answer 55

hydrothorax

Question 56

what is ascites or hydroperitoneum

Answer 56

peritoneal effusion