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IPHY 3410 - Exam 1 > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer, mostly epithelium (keratinized stratified squamous)

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2
Q

What is the main cell type in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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3
Q

What are the layers of the skin? (DEEP TO SUPER)

A

Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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4
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

(stratum basale) Actively dividing layer, basement membrane lies along basal surface

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5
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Have intermediate filaments called pre-keratin, held together by desmosomes

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6
Q

Why does stratum spinosum have its name?

A

“Spiny” appearance after cell death (changes shapes)

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7
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Makes keratin for mechanical protection and glycolipid for waterproofing

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8
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Translucent appearance, consists of dead cells (cells die when they move away from dermis)

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9
Q

Where is stratum lucidum located?

A

Only present in regions of THICK skin (palms of hands, feet, etc.)

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10
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Outermost layer, highly keratinized (cornified)

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11
Q

What happens when areas are highly keratinized?

A

Keratin keeps feet/cells moist = fungal infections eat the keratin

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12
Q

Melanocytes (in stratum basale)

A

Produce pigment (melanin), send to keratinocytes

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13
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes

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14
Q

Where are tactile epithelial cells?

A

In stratum basale (senseless touch)

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15
Q

Where are dendritic cells?

A

In stratum spinosum (immune cells)

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16
Q

Dermis

A

Mainly CT layer underlying epidermis, contains papillary and reticular layers

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17
Q

Papillary layer

A

Superficial

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18
Q

What is a blister?

A

Separation of the epidermis and dermis by fluid

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19
Q

Where does the fluid from a blister come from?

A

Dermis

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20
Q

Reticular layer (deep)

A

Main tissue component is dense irregular connective

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21
Q

What are the structures in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, glands, and hair follicles

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22
Q

Is the hypodermis a part of the skin?

A

No

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23
Q

What is the main tissue in the hypodermis and what is it good for?

A

Adipose tissue for insulation, cushion, and energy storage

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24
Q

Are appendages organs?

A

Yes, just like skin

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25
How do appendages form?
Develops by folding of epidermis which extends into dermis
26
Hair follicles
Mainly invaginated epidermis
27
Hair bulb
Deepest part of follicle
28
Hair
Dead epithelial cells produced by follicle
29
Hair root/hair shaft
Beneath skin/beyond skin
30
Arrector pili
Muscle that elevates hair
31
Sebaceous glands
Secrete oil (lubricates skin and hair; antibiotic)
32
What are the two sudoriferous (sweat) glands?
Eccrine and aprocrine glands
33
Eccrine glands
Not associated with hair follicles, over most skin, for thermoregulation
34
Aprocrine glands
Associated with hair follicles, axillary region, produce pheromones
35
Tissue is made of ____, not other tissues
Cells
36
Diaphysis
Shaft
37
Epiphysis
Ends
38
Epiphyseal line
Remnant of bone elongation zone (consists of compact bone where epiphyseal plate used to be)
39
Periosteum
Mainly dense irregular CT, covers most of outer surface
40
What are the periosteum's functions?
Resist tension, attachments to tendons and ligaments, bone growth and remodeling
41
What is the periosteum secured to bone by?
Perforating fibers
42
Where is there articular cartilage?
On epiphyses
43
What does the medullary cavity in diaphysis contain?
Hematopoietic stem cells and a lymphoid structure (reticular CT)
44
What are hematopoietic stem cells?
Immature blood cells
45
What color bone marrow are you born with and what do you have as an adult?
Red at birth and yellow as an adult
46
Endosteum in the medullary cavity
Important for remodeling, similar to periosteum but covers interior surfaces of bone
47
Blood vessels in the medullary cavity
Bone tissue is highly vascularized
48
Why is compact bone tissue in the outer regions of bone?
In outer regions of bone Because bending exerts strongest forces in these areas
49
Why is compact bone tissue in the medullary cavity?
Zero force in center
50
Spongy bone tissue in the medullary cavity
In inner regions, mainly in or near epiphyses, trabeculae are aligned along stress lines
51
Trabeculae
Spongy bone "pillars"
52
Osteoblasts
Bone-building cells
53
Osteoclasts
Bone-dissolving cells/larger than other bone cells, resorption of bone matrix by osteoblasts
54
Osteocytes
What an osteoblast becomes when trapped in matrix
55
Matrix is primarily secreted by _____
Osteoblasts
56
Organic (osteoid = primarily collagen and enzymes, etc.)
Resists tension
57
Inorganic (hydroxyapatite = primarily calcium phosphate)
Resists compression
58
Osteon (haversian system)
Lamellae (layers of bone matrix), collagen direction alternates
59
Compact bone has what kind of structure?
Cylindrical = withstands bending/twisting
60
What are the types of lamellae?
Concentric, interstitial, circumferential
61
Concentric lamellae
Form an osteon
62
Interstitial lamellae
Remnants of old osteon
63
Circumferential lamellae
Found close to periosteum
64
Where is the central canal in an osteon?
Center of each osteon
65
What connects the canals?
Perforating (volkmann's) canals
66
What are perforating canals lined by and what runs through them?
Endosteum and arteries, veins, and nerves run through
67
Where are osteocytes trapped?
Within lacunae, between lamellae
68
Canaliculi
Tiny passageways connecting lacunae
69
What are osteocytes connected by?
Gap junctions
70
Spongy bone (trabecular bone)
Made of trabeculae Yes lamellae, no osteons, yes osteocytes, yes canaliculi
71
Woven bone
First bone tissue that forms in fetal development, no lamellae
72
Lamellae is the _______ type of tissue
Weakest
73
What is woven bone eventually remodeled into?
Spongy or compact bone
74
Intramembranous bone
Formation of bones from fibrous CT
75
What does the intramembranous bone give rise to?
Membranous bones (most skull bones, clavicles (collar bones)
76
Step 1 of giving rise to membranous bones
Mesenchyme gives rise to osteoblasts = forms ossification center
77
Step 2 of giving rise to membranous bones
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid = mineralization occurs, trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
78
Step 3 of giving rise to membranous bones
Formation of woven bone and periosteum = woven bone forms from osteoid laid down between blood vessels
79
Step 4 of giving rise to membranous bones
Remodeling into mature bone tissue = compact bone forms under exterior periosteum, rest becomes interior spongy bone
80
What are the steps for intramembranous bone formation and growth?
Mesenchyme --> osteoblasts --> osteocytes
81
What are the steps for endochondral bone formation and growth?
Mesenchyme --> chondroblasts or osteoblasts
82
What kind of cartilage do endochondral bones form from?
Hyaline cartilage
83
Long bone formation (1)
Cartilage model grows periosteum = periosteum produces bone collar
84
Long bone formation (2)
Chondrocytes in center of diaphysis causes cartilage matrix to calcify = forming spicules
85
Long bone formation (3)
Calcified matrix blocks nutrient diffusion, chondrocytes die = cavity is produced
86
Long bone formation (4)
Periosteal bud (blood vessels, bone cells, nutrients, minerals) invades diaphysis
87
Long bone formation (5)
Woven bone tissue forms over calcified cartilage = resulting bony region is called primary ossification center
88
Long bone formation (6)
Further ossification and remodeling = mature arrangement of compact and spongy bone
89
Where does cartilage remain after long bone formation?
Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
90
Longitudinal bone growth
Growing longer
91
Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?
At the epiphyseal plate = remaining internal cartilage
92
When is the long bone growing?
Childhood to early adulthood
93
When do your epiphyseal plates "close"?
At ages 18 (F) to 21 (M) = becomes epiphyseal line
94
What happens when the plates close?
Cartilage grows on epiphyseal side, matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die, osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on diaphyseal side

IPHY 3410 - Exam 1 (5 decks)

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