internal system test Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
what are macromolecules
A
a very large molecule made up of smaller molecules that are linked together
2
Q
what is an essential nutrient
A
a nutrient that can’t be made by
the body, therefore it must be obtained from food
3
Q
2 functions of carbohydrates
A
- provide quick energy for cells
- provide materials to build cell membranes
4
Q
3 types of carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
5
Q
lipids 3 functions
A
- store energy reserves for later use by cells
- cushion and insulate internal organs
- provide materials to build cell membrane (phospholipids)
6
Q
what is a monomer
A
smaller molecules
7
Q
4 functions of proteins
A
- provide structure and support for cells
- aid in muscle movement
- provide immunity against infections and disease
- transport ions across cell membranes
8
Q
an example of protein
A
hemoglobin
9
Q
2 functions of nucleic acids
A
- contain an organism’s genetic information
- direct an organism’s growth
10
Q
an example of nucleic acids
A
DNA and RNA
11
Q
what is hydrolysis
A
hydrolysis is the breakdown of a macromolecule using water.
12
Q
Hydrolysis example
A
sucrose (disaccharide), being broken down into glucose and fructose when water is being added.
13
Q
carbohydrate monomor
A
monosaccharides
14
Q
lipids monomer
A
glycerol and fatty acids
15
Q
proteins monomer
A
amino acids
16
Q
nucleic acids monomer
A
nucleotides
17
Q
what is peristalsis
A
a structure that increases the surface area available for absorption of nutrients.
18
Q
what is the epiglottis and what does it help with
A
the epiglottis is a flap that prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea, making sure food goes down the esophagus.
19
Q
What are the five steps of digestion in humans
A
- Ingestion
- Physical breakdown
- Chemical breakdown
- Absorption of Nutrients
- Egestion
20
Q
Ingestion in human digestion
A
Getting food inside the body through the mouth
21
Q
Physical breakdown in humans
A
- Reduces pieces of food into small chunks
- Involves the mouth; biting and chewing by teeth, tongue, and the peristaltic movements of the stomach
22
Q
Chemical breakdown in humans
A
- Food is broken down into sub units which can now enter cells
- Involves enzymes in mouth, stomach, and small intestine (from gall bladder and pancreas)
23
Q
Absorption of nutrients in human digestion
A
Monomers such as monosaccharides, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine
24
Q
Egestion in human digestion
A
- Elimination of unusable food from the body
- Involves rectum and anus
25
mouth functions
- get food into body
- mechanical/physical and chemical digestion (amylase)
26
Salivary Glands function
- Release salivary amylase for chemical digestion
27
Tongue function
- manipulates food while chewing
- moves bolus to the back of the pharynx
28
esophagus function
- performs peristalsis that moves food from mouth to stomach
29
Stomach function
- mechanical digestion (peristalsis)
- HCI (destroys microbes) and pepsinogen --> pepsin (proteins)
30
3 parts of small intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
31
Large intestine function
- Absorption of water and vitamins
- Assembly of some vitamins by bacteria
32
Liver functions
Produce bile (1L/day)
33
Pancreas function
- Produces HCO3 -1 to neutralize HCI from the stomach
- Produces lipases, protease
34
Gall bladder function
- Stores and concentrates bile
- Bile released via common bile duct into duodenum
35
Duodenum function
- enzymes are secreted from the pancreas
- bile enters the from gallbladder to break up lipids physically
- many villi to increase surface area for absorption
36
Jejunum function
- Enzymes produced in jejunum
- More villi are present
- Breaks down remaining carbs and proteins
37
Ileum function
- fewer and smaller villi
38
Difference between physical and chemical digestion
physical digestion breaks down food into smaller pieces through physical means with things like chewing, chemical digestion uses enzymes and other chemicals to break down food molecules into small absorbable parts
39
Salivary amylase
produced in salivary gland, active in mouth, and the function turns polysaccharides to disaccharides
40
Pepsinogen
produced in pepsin, active in stomach, function turns protein into dipeptides
41
HCI
produced in stomach, active in stomach, function turns pepsinogen to pepsin
42
bile
produced in liver, active in duodenum, function turns fat into fat droplets (physical change)
43
sodium bicarbonate
produced in pancreas, active in duodenum, function makes HCI
44
pancreatic amylase
produced in pancreas, active in duodenum, function turns polysaccharides to disaccharides
45
lipase
produced in pancreas, active in duodenum, function turns fat droplets into glycerol (monomer) and fatty acids (monomer)
46
peptidase
produced in Jejunum, acitve in Jejunum, function turns dipeptides into amino acids
47
what is breathing
involves the inspiration and expiration exchange of gas with outside environment
48
what is external respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between inspired air in the lungs and the blood
49
what is internal respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body's tissue cells
50
explain inhalation
- intercostal and diaphragm contract
- thoracic volume increases and pressure decreases
- P outside > P inside
- Air rushes in
volume up, pressure down
51
explain exhalation
- intercostal and diaphragm relax
- thoracic volume decreases and pressure increases
- P outside < P inside
- Air rushes out
Volume down, pressure up
52
what are the two ways of breathing
1. neutral control
2. chemical control
53
what is neural control of breathing
- under control of the respiratory centre in the brain named the medulla
- Phrenic nerves: carry impulses from the medulla to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles causing their contraction or relaxation
- Vagus nerves: carry nerve impulses from lungs, skin, nose, larynx, and abdomen to the medulla giving feedback about respiratory state
54
what is chemical control in breathing
- high levels of CO2 in blood lowers its pH
- CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> 2H+ + CO3 -2
- medulla responds to low pH by sending signal via Phrenic nerves to speed up breathing rate
55
tidal volume
volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
56
Inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation
57
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
58
residual volume
volume of air remaining n the lungs after a forced exhalation
59
what are the two lung capacities
total lung capacity, vital capacity
60
What are the three functinos of the circulatory system?
1. Transport of gases (from respiratory system), nutrient molecules (from digestive system), and waste materials
2. Regulation of internal temperature and transport of chemical substances from one part to the body of another
3. protect against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances.
61
What are the 6 types of blood vessels
vessels, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.
62
function of vessels
transport fluid (blood) throughout the organism
63
Function of arteries
- carry blood away from the heart and empty into arterioles
- they are muscular and elastic vessels
- the aorta is the largest
64
Function of arterioles
- carry blood form the arteries and empty into capillaries
65
function of capillaries (exchange vessles)
- are a single layer of endothelial cells
- diameter 7 to 9 μm
- average length of 0.25 to 1 mm
- total length of capillaries in the human body is 96,000 km
66
function of venules
- carry blood from capillaries and empty into veins
67
function of veins
- carry blood form venules back to heart
- 70% of total blood volume is found here at any one time
- walls are very thin, 50 μm
68
what does the arteries do for the blood vessels
- carry blood away from the heart
- high pressure
- thick, elastic walls
69
what does the veins do for the blood vessels
- carry blood towards the heart
- low pressure
- thin walls with valves
70
