Internationalism Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
Who are the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council?
A
China, Russia, United States, United Kingdom, France
2
Q
What is an example of a requirement to stay a member of an international organization?
A
Requirements can vary but typically include compliance with certain obligations
These obligations depend on the specific organization.
3
Q
What is a major issue of contention regarding Arctic sovereignty?
A
A major issue is determining who owns the Arctic, with claims made by Canada, the US, Denmark, Norway, and Russia.
4
Q
WTO:
A
An international body that sets global trade rules, resolves disputes, and promotes free and fair trade between nations.
5
Q
What decisions must nation-states make regarding their interactions with other countries?
A
Nation-states must decide how they will live in the world with other countries, including whether to enter into bilateral or multilateral agreements and how to settle disputes.
- foreign policy
6
Q
What is the overarching goal of the United Nations?
A
To promote world peace
This goal encompasses various other aims such as human rights and reducing global inequalities.
7
Q
What do critics of the IMF and WB argue about their loan conditions?
A
They require changes that harm developing countries
Examples include opening markets to international investment and reducing spending on healthcare and education.
8
Q
What do successful nation-states aim to satisfy?
A
The needs of their people.
9
Q
Where is the headquarters of the United Nations located?
A
New York City
The location was a demand of the USA.
10
Q
Define bilateral aid.
A
Assistance from one country to another.
This is often a direct form of aid between two nations.
11
Q
What characterizes failed states?
A
Unable to meet the basic needs and responsibilities of its citizens.
12
Q
Define tied aid.
A
Aid given to countries with strings attached, like having to use the money to buy from industries from donor nation.
This can limit the effectiveness of the aid.
13
Q
What are the three ways Canada gives foreign aid?
A
- Bilateral aid
- Multilateral aid
- Tied aid
Each type of aid has different implications and conditions.
14
Q
What powers does the General Assembly have regarding recommendations?
A
Empowered to make non-binding recommendations
The General Assembly cannot force any country to follow its recommendations.
15
Q
What actions can the UNSC take against an aggressor?
A
Impose economic sanctions and take military action
16
Q
What is a con of economic sanctions?
A
Economic sanctions often hurt citizens far more than they hurt its government.
This can lead to humanitarian crises in the targeted country.
17
Q
What are wants in the context of human motivation?
A
Things people desire, not necessarily needed for survival.
18
Q
What is the goal of the World Health Organization (WHO)?
A
Attain the highest possible level of physical, emotional and mental health for all
19
Q
What is supranationalism?
A
Agreeing to abide by the decisions of an international organization of independent officials.
Power or authority is held by an institution or organization that is above the nation
eg. EU where member countries must follow EU laws
20
Q
What happens if one permanent member vetoes a measure in the UNSC?
A
The measure fails
21
Q
What do humanitarian actions aim to do?
A
Assist and relieve suffering of the innocent in the world.
22
Q
What are some criticisms of the UN?
A
Ineffectiveness, cost, bias towards western nations, failure to prevent genocide, corruption, powerful vetoes
23
Q
What is internationalism?
A
A belief that all members of the global community accept collective responsibility for the challenges that face the world and that the motives of nations and nation-states must be respected in the search for solutions.
24
Q
What is odious debt?
A
Debt incurred by a dictatorship not in the interest of the state, but to strengthen the regime
The debt remains the regime’s responsibility, not the people’s.
25
What is one activity that international organizations might engage in?
Promoting economic cooperation among member states
## Footnote
Activities can include negotiations, trade agreements, and security measures.
26
What are Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)?
Programs instituted by the World Bank and IMF that dictate changes to a country's governance for loan eligibility
## Footnote
Changes often include privatizing essential services, which can disadvantage lower-income citizens.
27
What is an NGO?
NGOs are typically created by citizens and groups who advocate for change and help individuals participate in solving international issues.
- ex. Canadian Cancer Society, Greenpeace
28
How is internationalism tied to globalization?
The world becoming increasingly interconnected.
29
What is a significant financial concern regarding international issues?
Addressing international issues is expensive
## Footnote
The question arises: who will pay for it?
30
Which countries have imposed economic sanctions against Russia after the invasion of Ukraine?
Canada, US, the EU, etc.
## Footnote
These sanctions aim to pressure Russia to change its actions.
31
What rights are considered basic to life in any human society?
Food, shelter, water, protection from abuses
## Footnote
These are fundamental human rights.
32
What is the General Assembly of the United Nations?
Comprised of all member nations
## Footnote
It sets the UN budget, votes in new members of the Security Council, and holds members accountable.
33
What is the role of UNESCO?
Promote international cooperation in education, science, and culture
34
What is one consequence of failed states?
Human rights abuses.
35
What historical period exemplifies unilateralism?
Cold War (1945 - 1991).
36
What factors do statisticians consider when measuring standard of living?
* Exports and Imports*
* Literacy*
* Access to food and clean water*
* Government oppression*
* Types of households*
* Personal Income*
* Jobs*
## Footnote
These factors provide a comprehensive view of the living conditions in a nation.
37
Is most international law legally enforceable?
Most international law is not legally enforceable; it consists of agreed norms.
38
What discovery in 2014 strengthened Canada's claim to the Northwest Passage?
The remains of the first expedition through the Northwest Passage were found in Canadian waters.
39
What was the Suez Crisis about?
A crisis over control of the canal involving UK, France, Israel, Egypt, and Russia
40
What are some causes of poverty identified by Oxfam?
* Lack of education
* Lack of resources
* Conflict and war
* Trade rules
* Discrimination
## Footnote
These factors contribute to the cycle of poverty.
41
What is one argument against internationalism?
Nationalism gets in the way of internationalism
## Footnote
Some argue that internationalism is ineffective in addressing global issues.
42
What role does the U.N. International Court of Justice play in international law?
The U.N. International Court of Justice helps to relieve disputes and conflicts based on international treaties, agreements, and conventions.
43
What argument do critics make regarding peacekeeping?
That peacemaking would have prevented genocides
44
True or False: All international organizations have legally binding measures for their member states.
False
## Footnote
Some organizations only have resolutions, which are not legally binding.
45
What is the World Bank's estimate of people living in absolute poverty?
Over 1 billion
## Footnote
Absolute poverty indicates severe deprivation of basic human needs.
46
What is multilateralism?
Several countries working in cooperation on a given issue.
47
How is poverty defined in Canada?
Spending more than 70% of income on food, shelter, and clothing
## Footnote
This reflects the high cost of living in some areas.
48
What are the main avenues for creating international law?
* International treaties
* Agreements and conventions
* UN resolutions
* International practices
49
How has globalization affected the role of nation-states in international affairs?
The increasing pace of globalization has changed international politics and reduced the role played by nation-states.
50
What was the potential consequence of the Suez Crisis?
The potential to draw the entire world into conflict, including nuclear escalation
51
True or False: There is a legal requirement that makes nations meet climate change goals.
False
## Footnote
No legal obligation exists for nations to fulfill these commitments.
52
What defines the Poverty Line?
The minimum income required to afford basic needs
## Footnote
It is a key measure in assessing poverty.
53
What is peacekeeping?
The use of neutral soldiers to help facilitate and maintain peace to avoid a larger conflict
## Footnote
Example: Canada in the Suez Crisis
54
Has peacekeeping been effective in preventing genocide?
No, multiple missions have resulted in genocide
55
What are the two main types of international organizations?
NGOs (Non-governmental organizations) and IGOs (Intergovernmental organizations)
## Footnote
NGOs are typically created by citizens and advocate for change, while IGOs are associations of states established by treaties.
56
True or False: The majority of Canadians live in poverty.
False
## Footnote
However, 10% of Canadians do live in poverty, raising questions about international aid.
57
What is one positive outcome attributed to the UN since its formation?
No major world war since 1945
58
Why might some countries not recognize the authority of the U.N. International Court of Justice?
Some countries may not want to surrender their right to make decisions, as it interferes with their national interests.
59
What is self-determination for nations?
The desire to be in control of their fate.
60
What are the types of internationalism that nations may adopt?
Isolationism, Unilateralism, Bilateralism, Multilateralism, Supranationalism.
61
What impact is climate change having on Arctic sovereignty claims?
Climate change may open the Northwest Passage, which Canada claims, but many argue it should be considered international.
62
What is the estimated number of people with inadequate access to sanitation?
2.5 billion
## Footnote
Sanitation is crucial for health and well-being.
63
What do member nations typically benefit from by joining international organizations?
Economic prosperity and collective security
## Footnote
Benefits can vary based on the organization's focus.
64
Who was Lester B. Pearson?
A key figure in the Suez Crisis who suggested UN forces to prevent conflict
65
What happened to trade with Iraq as a result of the UN sanctions?
Countries stopped trading with Iraq.
## Footnote
This significantly affected the Iraqi economy and its citizens.
66
What does the UDHR state about human rights?
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights
## Footnote
This principle underpins the UDHR.
67
What is one requirement for member states in international organizations?
Certain requirements for entrance and obligations to fulfill
## Footnote
These can vary significantly between organizations.
68
What is the relationship between peace and economic stability?
Peace and economic stability can be closely related, therefore peace has several motives.
## Footnote
Economic stability can foster a peaceful environment, while conflict can disrupt economic growth.
69
What is the main environmental issue discussed?
Climate change due to pollution and emissions
## Footnote
Industrialized nations are primarily responsible for these changes.
70
What is peacemaking?
The use of soldiers and active combat to forcibly achieve peace
71
Define multilateral aid.
Aid given to poor countries from multiple rich countries.
## Footnote
This form of aid is often coordinated through international organizations.
72
What does 'Collective Security' entail?
Protecting all members of a group from danger
73
Name a characteristic of failed states.
Loss of physical control of its territory.
74
What can massive debts limit for a nation-state?
Ability to develop a sound economy and provide for its people
## Footnote
Extreme debt can lead to a complete collapse of a nation.
75
What can the UNSC do to address international conflict?
Investigate disputes or situations
76
What was the goal of nations committing to tackle climate change?
To reduce greenhouse emissions
## Footnote
Various international agreements aim to achieve this goal.
77
Fill in the blank: International organizations focus on elements such as _______.
collective security, economic prosperity, and mutually beneficial reasons
78
What is the limitation of peacekeepers regarding the use of force?
They can use force ONLY in self-defense and must not take sides
79
What are some examples of international law issues?
* International Waters
* Banning Landmines
* Use of Red Cross
80
What is one key principle that peacekeepers must adhere to?
Consent, impartiality, self-defense
81
According to Maslow, what motivates all humans?
To meet their survival needs.
82
What is unilateralism?
Responding to events on their own.
83
What was Canada's rank in the Human Development Index out of 189 countries?
18th
## Footnote
Switzerland ranked 1st and Sudan ranked 193rd.
84
What was the goal of the UN's economic sanctions on Iraq in 1990?
To force Saddam Hussein to cooperate and stop abusing the Iraqi people's human rights.
## Footnote
Sanctions were imposed in hopes of changing government behavior.
85
How many non-permanent members are in the UN Security Council?
10 non-permanent members
86
What do nation-states do to ensure economic stability?
Take long-term and short-term plans.
87
Who are some key players in the current international landscape besides nation-states?
Key players include multinational corporations, international businesses, labor organizations, and humanitarian organizations.
88
What is the term length for non-permanent members of the UNSC?
Two-year terms
89
What are some examples of places where peacekeeping missions have failed?
* Serbia
* Rwanda
* Kosovo
* Bosnia
* Mali
90
What is isolationism?
Opting out of participation in international affairs.
91
What is one of the primary responsibilities of the UN Security Council?
Maintaining peace and security
92
How many people in the world have inadequate access to water?
Over a billion
## Footnote
This highlights the global water crisis.
93
Humanitarianism as a motivation for nation states:
- actions to assist and relieve suffering and the innocent in the world
-Natural disasters, disease, war/conflict, aid, money and supplies, accepting refugees
94
True or False: The debt incurred by a dictatorship is the responsibility of the citizens.
False
## Footnote
Citizens should not be required to pay debts that were taken on by a regime for its own benefit.
95
What is the primary role of international organizations?
To promote international cooperation towards a common goal
## Footnote
This includes collective security, economic prosperity, and other mutually beneficial reasons.
96
What is considered Absolute Poverty?
Living below the poverty line on less than $1.25 a day
## Footnote
This is a global standard for measuring extreme poverty.
97
What are the four motivation types for nation states?
- economic stablility
- peace and security
- self-determination
- humanitarianism
98
Foreign policy and internationalism:
- nation-states have to make decisions about how they will live in the world with other countries
- the set of goals, strategies, and actions that a state or a non-state actor pursues in its relations with other actors in the international system
- the decisions of politicians, diplomats, and ex[erts in foreign relations affect our everyday lives
99
Peace and security as a motovation for nation states:
- provide their citizens with safety
- go to work, school, and have freedoms
- sense of national safety and security
- promotion of security(It'l orgs)
100
What is the impact of global issues?
Wide-ranging effects that impact humanity as a whole
## Footnote
As globalization has brought the world closer together, the effects of global issues affect us all.
101
What are the main functions of the United Nations?
To keep peace among nations, develop good relationships, promote human rights, reduce global inequalities, and promote internationalism
## Footnote
These functions aim to enhance cooperation among countries.
102
Why might some nations be reluctant to assist with international issues?
If an issue has yet to impact them, why would they help?
## Footnote
This raises questions about the legal responsibility of nations to help each other.
103
What is bilateralism?
An agreement between two countries motivated by the same want or need.
104
What year was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) created?
1948
## Footnote
The UDHR was influenced by the atrocities of World War Two.
105
What organizations do some nations rely on for help with debt issues?
IMF/World Bank
## Footnote
These organizations provide financial assistance but often impose conditions on borrowing.
106
What is the annual operating budget of the United Nations?
Around 3.5 billion per year
## Footnote
This budget supports various UN operations worldwide.
107
What percentage of GDP did Canada donate in 2020?
0.3% of its GDP.
## Footnote
This indicates that Canada consistently does not meet the 0.7% target.
108
Nationalism vs internationalism:
Nationalism focuses on the nation first, while internationalism promotes global unity and collaboration.
- Many argue nationalism gets in the way of internationalism
109
What power do the permanent members of the UN Security Council hold?
Veto power on security council decisions
110
What is an example of bilateralism?
Canada-US Air Quality Agreement.
111
The EU:
A political and economic union of 27 European countries promoting peace, economic cooperation, and free movement of goods, people, services, and capital. Uses the euro in 19 countries and has shared laws and institutions.
112
What disease has the UN helped to eradicate?
Polio
113
What percentage of the world's fresh water is found in Canada?
20%
## Footnote
Canada only makes up 0.5% of the world’s population.
114
Which countries are becoming more industrialized and causing more pollution?
India, China, and Brazil
## Footnote
Their industrialization contributes to global pollution levels.
115
What are needs in the context of human motivation?
Basic to human survival (food, water, shelter).
116
What percentage of Canadians live below the poverty line?
10%
## Footnote
In March of 2024, 2 million Canadians accessed food banks, indicating a rising trend in food bank usage.
117
What type of weapons has the UN banned?
Inhumane weapons (landmines)
118
What has the UN Food Programme achieved?
Stopped famines
119
Which country is noted as one of the biggest polluters?
Canada
## Footnote
The text questions the reasons behind this fact.
120
What is an IGO?
IGOs are associations of states established by treaties among states to pursue common aims.
- ex. NATO, Arctic Council
121
True or False: The General Assembly can enforce its recommendations.
False
## Footnote
The General Assembly can only make non-binding recommendations.
122
What legal framework do nations use to stake their claims in the Arctic?
Nations use the International Law of the Sea to stake claims, extending 22.2KM outward from the coastline and 370KM under the sea.
123
What are the two types of measures that international organizations may have?
Legally binding measures and resolutions
## Footnote
Resolutions are often suggestions rather than mandatory actions.
124
What significant action did Russia take in 2007 regarding Arctic claims?
In 2007, Russia planted a flag on the bottom of the North Pole, claiming the area.
125
Self-determination as a motivation for nation states:
- nations states have a desire to be in control of their fate
- self-determinatinos and sovereignty
- indigenous people self government and recognition
126
What have some countries committed to regarding nuclear weapons?
Given up nukes or signed agreements to never have them
127
What is collective security?
The condition of protecting all members or a group or a collective from danger
128
What do many leaders prioritize over environmental concerns?
Economic prosperity
## Footnote
This often leads to neglecting environmental commitments.
129
What does the UDHR emphasize about the nature of human rights?
They are universal, indivisible, and interdependent
## Footnote
You must have all rights to fully enjoy any of them.
130
What controversial action did Russia take in 2009 regarding the UN?
Used its veto to end the UN peacekeeping mission in Georgia
131
What has been protected by the UN?
World Cultural Sites
132
What does the UN publish every year to measure quality of life?
Human Development Index
## Footnote
This index ranks the standard of living for countries and considers factors like GDP and literacy rates.
133
What are global issues?
World situations that affect more than a single nation-state
## Footnote
They require or motivate nation-states and people to act with an international focus rather than a national focus.
134
What challenges do less powerful nations face in international issues?
How will they get a voice?
## Footnote
The national interest of many different nations must be considered.
135
What is the goal of international law?
The goal of international law is the peaceful settlement of conflict.
136
What does the UN Social and Economic Council promote?
Higher standard of living, full employment, economic, social and health programs, international cultural cooperation
137
What roles do peacekeepers have?
Sent into conflict zones after a ceasefire, set up buffer zones, observation, and reporting
## Footnote
Must have permission from the host country
138
Can the United Nations enforce the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
No
## Footnote
The UN can recommend but cannot punish violators.
139
How is the United Nations financed?
By its member states
## Footnote
Canada contributes approximately 80 million per year.
140
What is the purpose of member states joining international organizations?
To work towards collective goals and mutual benefits
## Footnote
This includes aspects like security and economic growth.
141
What is required of all UN members in relation to UNSC?
Reserve troops for UNSC use in international affairs
142
What is the primary role of international organizations?
To promote international cooperation towards a common goal
## Footnote
This includes elements like collective security and economic prosperity.
143
IMF:
An international organization that supports global financial stability by offering loans, economic advice, and technical assistance to countries in need.
144
What was a consequence of Jamaica borrowing money from the IMF and World Bank?
The Jamaican economy collapsed
## Footnote
Required changes included opening markets to free trade and reducing spending on services, which led to extreme poverty and violence.
145
When was the United Nations created and for what purpose?
Post World War II to fix the ineffectiveness of the League of Nations and prevent another World War
## Footnote
The UN aims to promote world peace.
146
What foreign policy target did Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson set for developed nations?
To donate 0.7% of their GDP to developing nations.
## Footnote
This target is often referred to as the '0.7 Rule'.
147
What defines a middle power?
A nation that exerts influence on the world stage, but not to the same degree as a superpower.
148
Fill in the blank: Odious debt is the regime's debt, NOT the _______.
people's
## Footnote
This highlights the distinction between the government's obligations and the citizens' responsibilities.
149
economic stability as a motivation for nation states:
- support and take care of themselves maily through employment
- provide their economies with the best workforce
- take long and short tern planes to enrue economic stability
150
What has Canada done regarding its environmental commitments?
Backed away from many commitments
## Footnote
Cited as too expensive.
151
Give an example of a nation that practiced true isolationism.
Japan.
152
What is the direct result of poverty?
Hunger
## Footnote
Hunger is a significant issue in wealthy nations like Canada, where poverty rates contribute to food insecurity.
153
Fill in the blank: The United Nations was created to promote _______.
[World Peace]
154
What is the primary goal of nation-states regarding peace and security?
To provide their citizens with safety.
155
IMF vs WTO:
IMF deals with monetary and financial issues, while WTO handles international trade rules and disputes.
156
What are some key international climate agreements?
* Kyoto protocols - 1992
* Bali Road Map - 2007
* Paris Climate Accords - 2015
* COP26 - 2021
* COP28 - 2023
## Footnote
There is no legal requirement for nations to meet these goals.
157
What is economic stability?
Wellbeing of nations' people to support and take care of themselves, mainly through employment.
158
How can countries promote peace through economic sanctions?
By imposing trade restrictions and embargoes on nation-states to convince it to stop a certain course of action.
## Footnote
Economic sanctions are often used as a tool for foreign policy.
159
What public health issue arose due to the US's decision not to send medicine to Iraq?
Large scale spread of polio.
## Footnote
This illustrates the unintended consequences of economic sanctions on health.
