World War 2 and Ultranationalism Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Define crimes against humanity.
A
Widespread, systematic, and state-sponsored attacks against a civilian population.
2
Q
economic stability:
A
an economy with constant output and growth
3
Q
How did the Nazi Party use force to maintain control?
A
Through organizations like the SA (brownshirts), the SS, and the Gestapo(secret police).
- goal was to physically intimidate opponents
4
Q
How do ultranationalist states justify acts of violence?
A
They believe these acts promote the national interest.
5
Q
How does ultranationalism rise?
A
Through charismatic leadership who offers solutions to crisis, expansionist national interests, and instilling ultra-nationalist views through propaganda
Leaders often offer solutions to crises.
6
Q
List examples of crimes against humanity.
A
- Murder
- Extermination
- Enslavement
- Torture
- Rape
7
Q
political stability:
A
a political system that is working for its people or is not in conflict with its people
8
Q
True or False: All nations joined the International Criminal Court.
A
False.
9
Q
True or False: Discrimination involves denying civil and legal rights to a group.
A
True.
10
Q
True or False: The Canadian government fully supports the UNDRIP.
A
False
*Canada, USA, New Zealand, and Australia rejected the UNDRIP.
11
Q
what 4 things allow a ultranationalist to hold power?
A
Force, education, indoctrination, propoganda
12
Q
What actions did Hitler take that violated the Treaty of Versailles?
A
He rearmed Germany and gained land since 1933
13
Q
What are some central themes of UNDRIP?
A
- The right to self-determination
- The right to be recognized as distinct peoples
- The right to free, prior and informed consent
- The right to be free from discrimination
These rights aim to protect Indigenous populations globally.
14
Q
What are some tactics used by ultranationalist states?
A
- Mass propaganda
- Targeting groups in society
- Restricting freedom of speech
- Denying education and employment
- Restricting movements of people
- Denying human rights
15
Q
What are the five ways nations have responded to ultranationalism?
A
- Appeasement
- Internment Camps
- War
- Conscription
- Peacekeeping
16
Q
What are the key factors leading to the rise of fascism?
A
Economic, political, and social crises
People become susceptible to fascism during periods of crisis.
17
Q
What are the objectives of the ‘Cause and Consequence’ station?
A
To find examples of causes and consequences of decolonization in three countries
Countries include India, Cambodia, and Tibet.
18
Q
What are the steps involved in the process of dehumanization?(5)
A
- Blaming the group for problems
- Comparing them to non-human entities
- Encouraging racism and prejudice
- Isolating them
- Convincing the population they deserve mistreatment
19
Q
What are the three pillars of stability for a country?
A
Political stability, Economic stability, Social stability
If one pillar ‘falls’, it can lead to hardship, and if all three are affected, the nation’s stability can be severely impacted.
20
Q
What challenges did England and France face after WWI?
A
Hugely in debt, trying to recover and re-establish power
France was particularly devastated and focused on rebuilding.
21
Q
What characterized the political crisis in Japan during the interwar period?
A
Dissatisfaction with professional politicians and military control
This led to a significant political shift.
22
Q
What choice were Japanese Canadians given in 1945?
A
Leave British Columbia forever or be deported back to Japan
23
Q
What defines a ‘people’ in the context of self-determination?(5)
A
- Common historical tradition
- Shared language
- Shared religion
- Distinct cultural identity
- Traditional connection to a territory
These elements contribute to a group’s claim for self-determination.
24
Q
What did Canada achieve post-World War II?
A
Canada emerged as a leader on the world stage, establishing itself as a middle power
25
What did the Enabling Act do?
March 23, 1933 – provides Hitler with dictatorial power and outlaws all other parties.
26
What did the National Resources Mobilization Act allow the Canadian government to do?
It allowed for conscription and other measures necessary to win the war
27
What did the War Measures Act allow the Canadian government to do?
It allowed the government to deal specifically with Japanese Canadians
28
What did Thomas Crerar advocate for regarding Jewish refugees?
He said Canada should immediately allow 10,000 Jewish refugees
## Footnote
This was during a time when the Mackenzie King government refused to accept Jewish refugees.
29
What does extermination refer to?
Widespread, systematic, and deliberate massacres.
30
What does Lebensraum refer to?
The belief that the German people deserve living space, leading to invasion of neighboring countries.
31
What does organization refer to in the context of genocide?
The regime designs genocidal plans and trains groups to carry them out.
32
What does preparation involve in the context of genocide?
Planning deportations, isolation, and drawing up death lists.
33
What does the term 'war crimes' refer to?
Killing, torture, and inhumane treatment of humans during times of conflict.
34
What drives the desire for self-determination?
A sense of unity among a distinct people or collective identity/nation
## Footnote
This unity can be based on shared history, culture, or language.
35
What economic condition primed Germany for Ultranationalism?
Weak Economy
## Footnote
Economic instability and high unemployment contributed to a sense of desperation.
36
What event did Hitler use to showcase the danger Germany was in?
Reichstag Fire - February 27, 1933.
37
What event is considered the inciting incident for Hitler's rise to power?
The Treaty of Versailles - June 28, 1919
## Footnote
This treaty imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany after World War I.
38
What event marked the end of World War II in Europe?
Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender on May 7/8, 1945
39
what is D-Day?
D-Day, a massive success for the Allied forces, started to end the war
40
What happened to Japanese Canadians during the internment?
They were forced to move away from the coast into the interior
41
What international body was created after WW2 to promote lasting peace?
The United Nations.
42
What is a potential negative result of self-determination?
Creation of refugees
## Footnote
This often occurs as conflicts arise from competing claims to territory.
43
What is a successor state?
A country created from a previous state
## Footnote
An example includes the 15 successor states formed from the Soviet Union's collapse.
44
What is charisma?
Compelling attractiveness or charm that inspires devotion
## Footnote
In Germany, Hitler's charisma was pivotal for his rise to power.
45
What is decolonization?
The withdrawal of a colonial power from a colony
## Footnote
This often leads to the formation of a sovereign nation by the former colony.
46
What is dehumanization?
The process of depriving a person or group of human qualities.
47
What is denial in the context of genocide?
Perpetrators deny having committed their crimes and hide evidence.
48
What is genocide?
The killing of members of a certain national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
49
What is indoctrination?
The process of uncritically teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs.
Targeted children:
- hitler youth(boys)
- League of German Maidens(girls)
50
What is Mein Kampf?
Hitler’s memoir written in jail, identifying Jewish people as enemies and blaming the Treaty of Versailles.
51
What is national self-determination?
The pursuit of power to control one's own affairs
## Footnote
This involves making decisions about what benefits the collective interest of a nation.
52
What is one activity related to Indigenous self-determination in Canada?
Exploring how the Canadian government has ignored Indigenous advocacy for self-determination
## Footnote
This includes analyzing population data and examples of Indigenous success.
53
What is polarization in the context of genocide?
Accelerating propaganda against a group to deepen divides.
54
What is propaganda?
Information spread to achieve specific goals, often misleading and emotionally manipulative.
| - bias, manipulative, misleading, dishonest
55
What is symbolization in the context of genocide?
Identifying people as different, often through symbols.
56
What is the first stage in the process of genocide?
Classification.
57
What is the purpose of the International Criminal Court?
To prosecute serious international crimes, including genocide and war crimes.
58
What is the UNDRIP?
The Declaration of Rights of Indigenous People adopted by the UN
## Footnote
It includes rights such as self-determination and recognition as distinct peoples.
59
What is totalitarianism?
A system of government where the leader has total control over society
## Footnote
Control is maintained through force, education, propaganda, and indoctrination.
60
What is ultranationalism?
Extreme devotion to the state, prioritizing it above all else
## Footnote
It often leads to the denial of human rights and fuels racism.
61
What is ultranationalism?
A political ideology that emphasizes the interests of a particular nation, often leading to state-sponsored acts of violence.
62
What led to anti-Japanese sentiment in Canada during World War II?
The invasion of Hong Kong and the Pearl Harbor bombing
63
What 4 factors led to the Great Depression?
Stock market crash, people could not pay bills, decline in spending, international trade tariffs
## Footnote
The crash began on October 29, 1929.
64
What are the axis powers and when were they formed?
Coalition of nations, Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan
- September 27, 1940
65
What negative consequences can arise from pursuing self-determination?
Potential for conflict due to differing national interests
## Footnote
Groups may claim the same territory or have conflicting goals.
66
What new opportunity was available for women in the military during World War II?
Women could enlist in the military, although not in active battles
67
What occurred during the Night of the Long Knives?
June 30–July 2, 1934 – Hitler purges the Nazi Party (kills many memebrs of the SA) to consolidates power and calm concerns from the German military.
68
What promise did Prime Minister King make to Quebec regarding conscription?
That there would be no conscription as long as he was Prime Minister.
69
What role did women play in the workforce during World War II?
They joined factories as men left to fight
70
What significant action did the Canadian government take regarding Japanese Canadian property by 1943?
Officials were allowed to confiscate and sell Japanese Canadian property
71
What significant battle began in 1939?
The Battle of the Atlantic
72
What significant event happened on August 2, 1934?
President Hindenburg dies, leaving no political leader to provide oversight.
| - allowed hitler to take advantage of power and position
73
What task is associated with mapping the refugee crisis?
Identifying countries of origin for refugees and those that accept them
## Footnote
This includes documenting key findings and defining terms.
74
What unites totalitarian regimes in Europe?
Use of ultranationalism, totalitarianism, propaganda, and charismatic leadership
## Footnote
They often emerge from a series of crises.
75
What was a criticism of the Nuremberg Trials?
Some felt they didn't go far enough and that collective guilt was unjust.
76
What was C.D. Howe known for during World War II?
He became known as the 'Minister of Everything' and centered Canada's economy around the war effort
## Footnote
- if the private industry could not produce what he wanted, he would create a crown corporation(gov't owned) to do it
77
What was Germany's situation after WWI?
Humiliated, given full blame for the war, ordered to pay 33 billion dollars in reparations
## Footnote
This created significant political and economic instability.
78
What was the Beer Hall Putsch?
November 8-9, 1923 – attempt at overthrowing the government that fails, leading to Hitler's imprisonment.
79
What was the economic situation in America during the 1920s?
Huge economic boom
## Footnote
America joined WWI in 1917 but was hardly impacted by it.
80
What was the impact of the Great Depression on Canada?
26.6% unemployment, salaries cut, average income dropped 45%-70%
## Footnote
There was no government relief until the late 1930s.
81
What was the Munich Agreement?
An agreement where Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex territories, showing support.
| - appeasement
82
What was the outcome of the plebiscite held by PM Mackenzie King regarding conscription?
Majority voted yes in most provinces except Quebec
83
What was the purpose of education in an ultranationalist state?
To teach loyalty to the nation, censor content, and ensure teachers are party members.
84
What was the purpose of rationing introduced by the Canadian government in 1942?
To control food supply for Canadians and send more food overseas to soldiers
85
What was the result of the League of Nations' response to Germany's actions?
The League was powerless to stop Hitler
| - hitler realized nothing could stop him
86
What was the role of women in ultranationalist Germany?
Women were encouraged to have many children, stay at home, and were financially incentivized.
87
What was The Seven-Day Delay?
A purposeful delay in Canada's announcement of war to show independence from Britain.
88
What was the significance of the atomic bombings in August 1945(Hiroshima and Nagasaki)?
They led to Japan's surrender and marked the end of World War II in the Pacific
89
What was the SS St. Louis?
A ship carrying Jewish refugees denied entry to multiple countries, including Canada
## Footnote
Over 250 passengers later died in the Holocaust.
90
What was the Weimar Republic?
A democratic government in Germany post WWI that struggled with instability
## Footnote
It was characterized by weak control and high unemployment.
91
What was William Lyon Mackenzie King's stance on admitting Jews to Canada?
He feared riots and unrest if Jews were admitted
## Footnote
His comments reflected the prevailing anti-Semitic attitudes of the time.
92
What were the Nuremberg Laws?
September 15, 1935 – laws that enaled racist views and policies towards the Jewish.
- stated that Jewish couldn’t marry or have sex with Aryans
- took away German citizenship from Jews
- Jewish people couldn’t have aryan maids
93
What were the Nuremberg Trials?
Tribunals set up after WW2 to punish those responsible for the Holocaust.
94
What were the social challenges faced by nations after WWI?
Unemployment, soldiers returning from war, rebuilding efforts
## Footnote
Nations like Belgium and France needed to rebuild, while Britain focused on its own economy.
95
What were the social crises in the Soviet Union after WWI?
Hardships from civil war, great losses during WWI, and forced labor camps
## Footnote
Many who opposed Stalin were killed or sent to work camps.
96
When did Canada declare war?
September 10, 1939.
| - seven days after Britain and France
97
When does nationalism become ultranationalism?
When it becomes extreme and prioritizes the state above all else
## Footnote
This often leads to conflict and denial of rights.
98
When was Hitler elected Chancellor of Germany?
January 30, 1933.
99
appeasement:
giving in to someone's demands, or making concessions, to avoid conflict or anger, often with the hope of preventing a bigger problem later
| British & French gave into Hitlers demands and allowed him to take over
100
what was the spark to WW2:
September 1st 1939, Nazi Germany invades poland
101
social stability:
- a functioning society that works to support the basic needs of its people and is not experiencing wide social conflict
102
Canada after WW1:
- on the map
- proved ourselves
- proved by statue of westminister
- postwar boom
103
Canadian national interest after WW2:
- veterans had trouble finding work
- isolationism(internal issues)
104
Great Depression:
- Worldwide economic collapse
- 26.6% of Canadians out of work
- salaries cut
- Average income dropped 45-70%
- price of grain fell
- drought
- no relief from gov't
105
Germany after war:
- German empire collapsed and a democracy was put in place called the Weimar Republic
106
Weimar Reupublic:
- it had weak control over the nation of Germany
- people argued what the country should look like
- high unemployment rates
| - inspired hitler
107
Impact of Great Depression on Germany:
widespread economic hardship, social unrest, and ultimately contributing to the rise of the Nazi Party
| - Ultranationalist leaders come forwards during crisis
108
Facism:
- a far right, authoritarian and nationalistic ideology, led by a dictator who completely controls society
- people are most susceptible to facism when they are faced with a crisis(economic, political, and/or social)
109
Why did ultranationalism happen in Germany?
Crisis after WW1:
- **social**: weekened military, fewer exports. unemployment, humiliation, social norms are being challenged
- **political**: Weimar republiv is ineffective, treaty of versailles, no stablility
- **economic**: weak economy, reparation payments, high inflation, debt, lost colonies
110
authoritarianism:
a political system where a small group, or a single individual, holds absolute power and makes decisions without the consent or input of the people
111
5 types of ultranationalism in Germany:
- **Master Race**: Aryan race is better than all others
- **Lebensraum**: deserve land by invading
- **Persecution of minorities**: Roma, LGBTQ+, Jewish, and others are purge from society
- **Eugenics:** some inherited traits are good and should be passed down and some are bad and should be removed
- **Role of family**: women to have as many children as possible
112
How do ultra-nationalist nations use education to hold power?
- teach kids to be loyal citizens
- censoring and dictation what is taught
- decides who gets an education
- banning and destroying opposing ideas
- content focuses on the nations glory
113
Failure of League of nations against Hitler:
- Germany leaves League of Nations
- everyone ignored punishments and rules of UN which proved to Germnay and Hitler that the league could not stop them
114
Anti-Japanese Sentiment in Canada:
- after invasion of Hong Kong and bombing of Pearl Harbour, Canadians did not trust the Japanese and sparked racism
- in result, they forced all japanese to move away from the coast and into the city to internment camps
115
Japanese Internment camps:
- Canadian officials could take Japanese property and belongings
- these properties were auctioned off and sold
- Many came back from internement to find all of their things gone
116
National Resources Mobilization act:
- passed to allow conscription
- allow gov't to do anything it needed to win the war
- King held plebiscite to vote on the issue of conscription
117
plebiscite:
- helps guide governemnt
- a vote on a particular issue that is non-binding
- plebiscite questions is purposefully confusing
- every province but Quebec said yes to conscription
118
How did WW2 change Canada:
- emerged as a leader on the world stage
- established as a middle power
119
how does ultranationalis lead to crimes against humanity?
- restict freedom of speech
- demand identification
- deny education and employment
- restrict movements of people
- deny human rights
120
ICC:
- International Criminal Court
- founded in 2002
- created to presecute the most serious crimes of international concern (genocide, warm crimes, crime against humanity, etc.)
- many nations did NOT join (like USA) as they did not want to give up their power to an international organization
121
How to punish crimes against humanity:
- focus on collective guilt
- trials to punish those responsible
- create organizations to promote peace(UN) and prosecute crimes(ICC)
122
negative consequences of pursuing self determination:
- peoples national interests are not always the same so there is a potential for conflict
123
reichstag fire:
- event hitler uses to show germany how much danger they are in
- german parliament burned down
- hitler used the fire to push through the enabling act and eliminate democracy and take total control
124
enabling act:
March 23, 1933 – provides Hitler
with dictatorial power – all other parties outlawed
125
Hitlers rise to power main events(9):
* Enabling Act
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Mein Kampf
* Hitler Elected Chancellor
* Reichstag Fire
* The Treaty of Versailles
* Night of the Long Knives
* Nuremberg Laws
* President Hindenburg Dies
126
joseph stalin:
- ultranationalist leader of soviet union
- totalitarianism
- Holodomor
127
10 stages of genocide:
1. Classification.
2. Symbolization.
3. Discrimination.
4. Dehumanization.
5. Organization.
6. Polarization.
7. Preparation.
8. Persecution.
9. Extermination.
10. Denial.
128
Chronological order of events leading up to Hitlers rise to power:
1. Treaty of Versailles
2. Beer Hall Putsch
3. Mein Kampf
4. Elected chancellor
5. Reichstag Fire
6. Enabling Act
7. Night of Long Knives
8. President Hindenburg dies
9. Nuremburg Laws
