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Interpersonal Communication > Interpersonal Exam #1 > Flashcards

Interpersonal Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

models of communication

A

action
interaction
transaction

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2
Q

action model

A 
message transfer
one way linear model of communication
7 pieces
-source
-encoding
-message
-channel
-decoding
-receiver
-noise
examples
-advertisements
reading
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3
Q

interaction model

A

message exchange
two-way linear model
all the same elements of the action model, plus
-feedback (response to original message)
when the receiver receives the message, there is a pause
examples
-letters

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4
Q

transaction

A

message creation
same as the interaction model, except
-parts are continuous and simultaneous, not linear
you are always being influenced by the other person

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5
Q

interpersonal communication

A

dyadic communication

treat one another as unique individuals

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6
Q

impersonal vs interpersonal communication

A

conventional - unique
replaceable (they need a fill)- irreplaceable
-independent - interdependent
superficial - deep

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7
Q

myths of interpersonal communication

A

more words make things clearer (better)
meanings are in words
-meanings are in people
all communication seeks understanding
-ritualistic communication
relationship problems are communication problems
-most of the time we have problems because of incompatible goals
effective communication is a natural ability

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8
Q

fundamental principle of interpersonal communication

A

the quality of our interpersonal relationships stems from the quality of our communication with others

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9
Q

IP is

A 
irreversible
-you can't take it back
unrepeatable
-every context is different
inevitable
-one cannot not communicate
intentional and unintentional
-a yawn: unintentional
-the response: I must be boring you (intentional)
involves rules
-implicit and explicit
content and relationship elements
-content: ideas and information, primarily verbal
-relationship: primarily nonverbal, implied meaning, classifies the content
contextual
-cultural aspects: positive affect of Americans vs Paresians
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10
Q

example of content and relationship dimensions

A 
receive an invitation to see a movie, say "I'm busy"
verbal content
-I'm busy
nonverbal
-don't want to hang out
-genuinely sorry you can't go
-don't want to see the movie
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11
Q

communication competence

A

defines as effective and appropriate
-effective: getting point across, received desired results
-appropriate: meeting the rules and expectations for that situation, enhances or maintains the relationship
there is no single “ideal” way to communicate
competence is situational
competence can be learned

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12
Q

characteristics of a competent communicator

A 
nexting
a large repertoire of skills
adaptability
empathy/perspective taking
cognitive complexity
self-monitoring
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13
Q

nexting

A

reality that we always have the ability to choose what we do or say next
call to personal responsibility

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14
Q

cognitive complexity

A

ability to look at a situation and come up with multiple possibilities for the cause

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15
Q

self-monitoring

A

ability to monitor own behavior
two types
-ability to monitor behavior while engaging
-little voice that acts before you speak

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16
Q

self-concept

A

a relatively stable set of perception that you hold about yourself
subjective
more descriptive (what)

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17
Q

self-esteem

A

evaluation of ones worth
reflected in our skills, talents, knowledge, and appearance
more evaluative

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18
Q

a large part of who we are is reflected in our

A

attitudes
beliefs
values

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19
Q

attitudes

A

positive or negative response

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20
Q

beliefs

A

conception about what is true and what is false

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21
Q

values

A

thoughts about what we think is good and what we think is bad

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22
Q

private vs public self

A

private: perceived
- how we see ourselves
public: presenting

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23
Q

material self

A

The total of all the tangible things you own

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24
Q

social self

A

reflected in interactions and relationships

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25
spiritual self
A man's inner or subjective being | His psychic faculties and dispositions
26
characteristics of self-concept
subjective -high or low self-evaluations flexible resistant to chang e-we tend to resist revising how we see others -cognitive conservatism: we seek out information that confirms our existing self-concept
27
how self-concept develops
``` not born with a conscious self-concept interactions with others social comparison association with groups roles ```
28
interactions with others
reflected appraisal: looking glass self | shift changes at 12 from looking to parents to looking to peers
29
social comparison
reference group -who the reference group is is important superior/inferior or similar/different
30
how self-concept affects interpersonal relationships
decentering self-fulfilling prophecy interpretation of messages
31
decentering
ability to move beyond yourself as the frame of reference -people with a high self-concept struggle with this you need to be able to decenter in order to have empathy and see others' viewpoints
32
self-fulfilling prophecy
you believe something about yourself and it comes true
33
interpretation of messages
narcissistic response to criticism | -other person is jealous
34
Schutz's Interpersonal Needs Theory
people have three primary needs - need for inclusion - need for affection - need for control
35
need for inclusion
our desire to belong and have significance the most basic interpersonal need three ways people address inclusion needs -the under-social: low need for inclusion, "loner" -the over-social: always want to be included -the ideal social: comfortable being social or alone
36
need for affection
the need to feel and express love the most intense of the interpersonal needs three ways people address affection needs -the under-personal: low need for affection, don't expect much affection and tend to not give much -the over-personal: desires a lot of love and affection from others -the personal: feels comfortable giving and receiving love from some and not from others
37
need for control
we all have a desire to influence and be influenced; to respect others and be respected three ways to address control needs -abdicrat: low need for control, like to give power away to others -autocrat: high need for control -democrat: feels comfortable with power but also feels comfortable giving power away
38
where are these needs met?
relationships
39
changing self-concept
``` have realistic expectations have a realistic perception of yourself have the will to change have the skill to change have a sense of humor (about yourself) service -when we serve others, our self-concept goes up ```
40
perception
experiencing the world and making sense out of what we experience
41
interpersonal perception
taking the process of perception and applying it to people we try and figure out what people are like and we try to give meaning to their actions our perceptions aren't necessarily objective facts
42
the stages of the perception process
selecting organizing interpreting
43
selecting
picking a certain piece of information and focusing on it
44
why do we see certain cues over others
``` easiest personal relevance -name -interest familiar distinctive repetitive ```
45
organizing
we put information into an efficient pattern to make sense out of it punctuation closure stereotyping
46
constructs for organizing information
physical role interaction psychological
47
punctuation
determining the causes and effects in a series of interactions - wife demands --> husband avoids --> repeat - -who is the cause
48
stereotyping
we place someone in a rigid category interpret all their behavior from that category problem -undervalues our individual differences/what makes us unique
49
closure
occurs when we fill in missing information circle vs. dashes in the form of a circle we do this with people -they look and act and sound like someone we know -we assume they have a lot of similar qualities as the person we know
50
influences on perception | -standpoint theory
BOOK
51
where do specific interpretations come from
``` degree of involvement -tend to view people more favorably with a higher degree of involvement relational satisfaction past experience knowledge of others ```
52
impressions
``` collection of perceptions we place people into one of two categories -people we like -people we do not like occurs in 90 seconds to 4 minutes ```
53
Impression Formation Theory
tells us where the information comes from that we use to form perceptions of others 3 sources -what the person tells us -others' appearance/behaviors -what 3rd parties tell us --30% of others' perception is from 3rd parties
54
Crude Law of Relationship Impressions
positive impressions are hard to acquire but easy to lose | negative impressions are easy to acquire but hard to lose
55
primacy effect
we tend to give more weight to the first piece of information we receive about another person
56
recency effect
we tend to give more weight to the last piece of information we receive about another person
57
halo effect
occurs when we learn positive information/qualities of another person we assume the person has other positive qualities/characteristics that we don't know about
58
horn effect
occurs when we learn negative information/qualities of another person we assume the person has other negative qualities/characteristics that we don't know about
59
impression management
occurs when we make guesses about how others are going to interpret our behavior and then we act in such a way to form the impression that we want
60
how to form the best "first impression" using nonverbal behaviors
``` physical appearance positive affect cues (warmth, kindness) -voice -smiling immediacy cues (signal interest) -eye contact -nodding -back-channeling -direct body orientation (shoulders square to other person) ```
61
causal attribution theory
giving a cause to someone's behavior internal/external -internal: deals with the qualities/characteristics of the person -external: situational cause
62
differences in attributions between happy and unhappy couples
happy couples make external attributions in negative situations happy couples make internal attributions in positive situations
63
biases in the attribution process
objectivity bias actor-observer bias self-serving bias
64
objectivity bias
we treat our attributions as objective facts | we act upon them as if they are true
65
actor-observer bias
tendency to explain someone else's negative behavior as being due to internal characteristics our negative behavior is due to external circumstances
66
self-serving bias
we take credit for positive outcomes | we distance ourselves from negative outcomes
67
barriers to accurate perceptions
ignoring information oversimplifying stereotyping imposing consistency -overestimate consistency of self and others focusing on the negative -we give more weight to negative information
68
improving perception skills
know yourself (know the types of perceptions I generally make consider the context become other-oriented check your perception
69
direct vs. indirect perception checking
direct -directly ask the person indirect -looking for additional information from external sources (other person, context) to see if your perception is accurate
70
direct perception checking
avoid defensearousing accusations -"why are you mad" -it assumes that we know what the answer is complete direct perception check includes -a description of the behavior you noticed -two possible interpretations of the behavior (shows you haven't come to a conclusion already) -a request for clarification about how to interpret the behavior
71
building empathy
BOOK

Interpersonal Communication (3 decks)

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