Intro 1-4 Flashcards by Khris Manalo

introduce rational methods into medicine, but none was successful owing to the dominance of systems of thought (“schools”)

1500 YEARS AGO
END OF 17TH CENTURY
LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
1940s AND 1950s

1500 YEARS AGO

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observation and experimentation began to replace theorizing in physiology and clinical medicine

1500 YEARS AGO
END OF 17TH CENTURY
LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
1940s AND 1950s

END OF 17TH CENTURY

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Materia medica

1500 YEARS AGO
END OF 17TH CENTURY
LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
1940s AND 1950s

END OF 17TH CENTURY

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END OF 17TH CENTURY:

mechanisms of actions of drugs was prevented due to:

○ Absence of methods to purify active agents from crude materials
○ Lack of methods for testing hypotheses about the nature of drug actions

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LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

developed methods of experimental physiology and pharmacology

Francois Magendie and his student Claude Bernard

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laid the foundation needed for understanding how drugs work at the organ and cellular levels

LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES

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LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

These advances were also accompanied by unscientific claims by manufacturers and marketers of worthless “_________”

patent medicines

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LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES:

Introduction of rational therapeutics (______) about 60 years ago help evaluate therapeutic claims

controlled clinical trial

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Use of receptor identification methods led to the discovery of orphan receptors

1500 YEARS AGO
END OF 17TH CENTURY
LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
1940s AND 1950s

1940s AND 1950s

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Receptors for which no ligand has been discovered and whose function can only be guessed

orphan receptors

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T/F: Receptors and effectors do not function in isolation; they are strongly influenced by other receptors and by companion regulatory proteins

true

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short nucleotide chains

antisense oligonucleotides (ANOs)

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short nucleotide chains that synthesized to be complementary to natural RNA or DNA, can interfere with the readout of genes and the transcription of RNA

antisense oligonucleotides (ANOs)

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The discovery that small segments of RNA can interfere with protein synthesis with extreme selectivity has led to investigation of ______ and _____

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
microRNAs (miRNAs) as therapeutic agents

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY:

T/F: All substances can under certain circumstances be toxic

TRUE

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY:

Chemicals in botanicals like _______ are no different from chemicals in manufactured drugs except for the much greater proportion of impurities in botanicals

herbs and plant extracts

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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PHARMACOLOGY

All _____ supplements and all _____ promoted as health enhancing should meet the same standards of efficacy and safety as conventional drugs and medical therapies

dietary and therapies

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Body of knowledge concerned with the action of chemicals on biologic systems

Pharmacology

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Pharmacology is by binding to ________ (receptors) and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

regulatory molecules

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Pharmacology and toxicology are ______.

intertwined

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chemical substances that are able to affect our function or physiology

Pharmacology

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it is how the drug is introduced to our body or system

Pharmacokinetics

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The end of pharmacokinetics is that the
drug will be able to reach or bind with its
target receptor

Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics

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On the other hand, once the drug binds to its
receptor, it will produce its effect, and this is the realm of ______.

Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics

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studies the effect of the drug to the body - Pharmacology - Pharmacokinetics - Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics

Drugs are produced to give the intended effects which are ___________

"therapeutic effects"

excessive doses of the drug can also cause ”________ ”

toxic effects

The actions if chemicals can be divided into 2 large domains

Medical Pharmacology and toxicology Environmental Toxicology

which is aimed at understanding the actions of drugs as chemicals on individual organisms - Medical Pharmacology and toxicology - Environmental Toxicology

Medical Pharmacology and toxicology

concerned with the effects of chemicals on all organisms and their survival in groups and as species - Medical Pharmacology and toxicology - Environmental Toxicology

Environmental Toxicology

Area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

Medical Pharmacology

Area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

Medical Pharmacology

Vaccines to prevent from acquiring and developing the infection (COVID19) - Preventive - Diagnosis - Treatment

Preventive

Supplements - Preventive - Diagnosis - Treatment

Preventive

There are some drugs used to differentiate diseases through laboratory differentials. Such as contrast media in radiology - Preventive - Diagnosis - Treatment

Diagnosis

drugs are specifically manufactured and developed for an intended therapeutic use - especially in humans - Preventive - Diagnosis - Treatment

Treatment

TREATMENT: Some medicines are tested using animal models that’s why some medicines are also used by veterinarians (________)

Ivermectin

TREATMENT: Some medicines are tested using animal models that’s why some medicines are also used by veterinarians (________)

Ivermectin

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals, whether it is a drug or poison, on biologic systems

Toxicology

Toxicology is area of pharmacology concerned with the _____ effects of chemicals, whether it is a drug or poison, on biologic systems

undesirable

have beneficial effects - posion - drugs

drugs

have harmful effects (not for ingestion) which affect our physiology and function. - posion - drugs

Poison

Finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs - PHARMACOGENOMICS - TOXICOLOGY - MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY

- PHARMACOGENOMICS

Identifies the receptors - PHARMACOGENOMICS - TOXICOLOGY - MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY

PHARMACOGENOMICS

the relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs - PHARMACOGENOMICS - TOXICOLOGY - MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY

PHARMACOGENOMICS

Decoding of the genomes of many species—from bacteria to humans - PHARMACOGENOMICS - TOXICOLOGY - MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY

PHARMACOGENOMICS

—has led to the recognition of unsuspected relationships between receptor families and the ways that receptor proteins have evolved. - PHARMACOGENOMICS - TOXICOLOGY - MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY

PHARMACOGENOMICS

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through chemical actions - Drug - Receptor

Drug

A similar, endogenous substance, or a mimic of that - Drug - Receptor

Drug

Specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role - Drug - Receptor

Receptor

Regulates our function - Drug - Receptor

Receptor

3 Nature of Drugs

Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics Drug Development & Regulation

2 Under Pharmacodynamics

1. Receptor 2. Receptor Sites

5 Under Pharmacokinetics (MADME)

- Movement - Absorption - Distribution - Metabolism - Elimination

4 Under Drug development & Regulation (SACP)

1. Safety and Efficacy 2. Animal Testing 3. Clinical Trials 4. Patents & Generic Drugs

Nature of Drugs: A drug may be defined as any substance that brings about a change in ______ function through its chemical actions.

biological

THE NATURE OF DRUGS: are drugs that have almost exclusively harmful effects. - Toxins - Posions

Poisons

T/F: “The dose makes the poison” - any substance can be harmful if taken in the wrong dosage. This classic toxicology maxim was stated by Paracelsus

True

Nature of Drugs: are usually defined as poisons of biological origin - Toxins - Posions

Toxins

Nature f Drugs: Examples of Ions (minerals)

Calcium and Potassium

Nature of drugs: They are intermediates of our metabolism (ex. vitamins)

Nonpeptide are nonprotein but organic

Nature of Drugs: These are the same as our dietary nutrient requirements

1. Proteins 2. nucleic acids 3. lipids 4. carbohydrates

Nature of Drug: It is our primary drug

Food

Nature of drug: We need to eat a balanced diet based on the _____

Food pyramind

Nature of Drugs: What is at the bottom of the food pyramid which we should eat the most

Vegetables (Fibers)

T/F: We would not need drugs if we followed the balanced diet

True

What are found in plants or animals, many are partially or completely synthetic.

Hormones Xenobiotics

Nature of Drugs: This is something found in plants or animals that you cannot synthesize in your body - Hormones - Xenobiotics

Xenobiotics

NATURE OF DRUGS: T/F: What you cannot produce, you cannot degrade.

True

NATURE OF DRUGS: T/F: What we cannot digest, accumulates and become toxic.

True

3 PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS

Solid Liquid Gas

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS: tablets we take, capsule (eg. aspirin, atropine) - Solid - Liquid - Gas

Solid

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS: syrup (no need to shake) suspension (we need to shake to homogenize concentration) eg. nicotine - Solid - Liquid - Gas

Liquid

PHYSICAL NATURE OF DRUGS: T/F: Drugs are given at a site distant from the intended site of action

True

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): usually quite weak and are probably important in the interactions of highly lipid soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes - Hydrophobic bonds - Hydrophilic bonds

Hydrophobic bonds

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): in the interaction of drugs with the internal walls of receptor “pockets.” - Hydrophobic bonds - Hydrophilic bonds

Hydrophobic bonds

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): MW of lithium

MW 7

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): MW of thrombolytic agents

MW 50, 000

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): Majority have MW between ____ and _____

100 ad 1000

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): For selective binding - 100 MW - 1000 MW - > 1000 MW

100 MW

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): For traversing to different barriers of the bod - 100 MW - 1000 MW - > 1000 MW

1000 MW

DRUG SIZE AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT (MW): Cannot move within the body because of impediments (obstacles, barriers that gets in the way) - 100 MW - 1000 MW - > 1000 MW

> 1000 MW

DRUG SHAPE: ○ Stereoisomerism ○ Exist as an enantiomeric pairs ○ A drug needs to react with its receptor Sir’s analogy: left hand and a glove for the right hand

Chirality

DRUG SHAPE: happens if the left hand does not match the right-hand glove. ■ There’s something wrong, baliktad; uncomfy ■ It’s not natural

Steering Effect

DRUG SHAPE: T/F: Like in drug-receptor interactions, if the drug does not fit into the receptor, it gets easily detached, which means the potency of the drug will become lesser (mababawasan ang potency ng drug).

True

It is the effect in achieving pharmacological effect at a given dose (typically in terms of its concentration—of the drug or dose)

Potency of the drug

Drug shape: Not compatible —> (more/lesser potency)

Lesser potency

Drug shape: Effective even at low doses - High Potency - Low Potency

High Potency

Drug shape: Needs higher dose to have the same effect - High Potency - Low Potency

Low potency

DRUG SHAPE: T/F: Even in Toxicity, Chirality is observed

True. Remember that a drug can bind to other receptors.

TOXICITY HAPPENS IF: T/F: the drug has higher affinity to other unintended receptors

True

TOXICITY HAPPENS IF: T/F: if it feels more comfortable to bind to other unintended receptors.

True

DRUG SHAPE: Chirality can vary the _____ and ____ of the drug.

Potency and Toxicity

DRUG SHAPE: (2) Common in biology that more than half of all useful drugs are chiral molecules

- Carvedilol - Ketamine

DRUG SHAPE: used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure - Carvedilol - Ketamine

Carvedilol

DRUG SHAPE: anesthetic (pain reliever) and antidepressant - Carvedilol - Ketamine

Ketamine