QUIZLET Unit 1 - Intro to Pharmacology (mixed)

Question 1

Body of knowledge concerned with the action of chemicals on biologic systems, especially by binding to regulatory molecules (receptors) and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

Answer 1

Pharmacology

Question 2

It’s how the drug reacts to the receptor

Answer 2

Pharmacodynamics

Question 3

• what the body does to the drug
• Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

Answer 3

Pharmacokinetics

Question 3

time it takes to reduce drug to half its concentration

Answer 3

half-life

Question 3

it refers to an idea that masking and social
distancing temporarily held off infections, which are now occurring as population behavior allows the greater spread of pathogens.

Answer 3

Immunity debt

Question 3

area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, especially in humans

Answer 3

Medical Pharmacology

Question 4

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals on biologic systems

Answer 4

Toxicology

Question 5

amount of medication required to effect the
cure of a disease.

Answer 5

therapeutic dose

Question 6

the amount of a drug or other agent that if
administered to an animal or human will prove fatal.

Answer 6

lethal dose

Question 6

Finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs; identifies the receptors

Answer 6

Pharmacogenomics

Question 7

Area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals on biologic systems

Answer 7

Toxicology

Question 8

amount of medication required to effect the cure of a disease.

Answer 8

Therapeutic dose

Question 9

the amount of a drug or other agent that if administered to an animal or human will prove fatal.

Answer 9

Lethal dose

Question 10

It finds the exact mechanism of action of drugs; and identifies the receptors

Answer 10

Pharmacogenomics

Question 11

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through chemical actions

Answer 11

Drug

Question 12

Specific molecule in the biologic system that plays a regulatory role

Answer 12

Receptor

Question 13

Solid drug form examples

Answer 13

Aspirin, atropine, & lozenges

Question 14

Liquid drug form example

Answer 14

nicotine, ethanol, vaccines, anesthetics (halothane, isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane), chlorhexidine, paracetamol, nasal spray, carbocysteine, albendazole

Question 15

Gas drug form example

Answer 15

nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, xenon, oxygen

Question 16

Drug size for transversion to different barriers of the body

Answer 16

1000 MW

Question 16

Drug size for selective binding

Answer 16

100 MW

Question 17

Chemical forces or bonds through which the drug interacts with the receptors

Answer 17

DRUG RECEPTOR BONDS

Question 17

Drug size that is given directly at the site of action

Answer 17

> 1000 MW

Question 18

Strongest and irreversible bond

Answer 18

Covalent bond

Question 19

More common and weaker bond

Answer 19

Electrostatic bond

Question 20

Actions of the drug on the body

Answer 20

Pharmacodynamics

Question 20

bond that is the weakest and highly lipid soluble drugs

Answer 20

Hydrophobic bond

Question 21

Actions of the body on the drug

Answer 21

Pharmacokinetics

Question 22

occurs when drug X binds to Ra and there is an effective capacity

Answer 22

Agonist

Question 23

Occurs when drug Y binds to Ri and there is no effect

Answer 23

Inverse agonist

Question 24

Activates receptor-effector system to the maximum extent (Ra-D pool; activated form)

Answer 24

Full agonist

Question 25

Binds to the same receptors and activate them in the same way but do not evoke as great a response

Answer 25

partial agonist

Question 26

Binds to a site on the receptor molecule separate from the agonist binding site

Answer 26

Allosteric modulators

Question 27

-Drug has a stronger affinity for the Ri-D pool (nonfunctional form) -Reduces constitutive activity -Results in effects that are opposite of the effects produced by conventional agonists

Answer 27

Inverse agonist

Question 28

-Binds to a receptor, compete with and prevent binding by other molecules

Answer 28

Antagonist

Question 29

o Inactive precursor o Must be administered and converted to the active drug by biologic process inside the body o Takes a longer time to take effect in the body compared to regular active drugs

Answer 29

Prodrug

Question 30

Movement of molecules through the watery extracellular and intracellular spaces

Answer 30

Aqueous diffusion

Question 31

Movement of molecules through membranes and other lipid structures

Answer 31

Lipid diffusion

Question 32

Drug transported across barriers by mechanisms that carry similar endogenous substances

Answer 32

Transport by special carriers

Question 33

Predicts the movement of molecules across a barrier

Answer 33

Fick's Law of Diffusion

Question 34

the amount absorbed into the systemic circulation; amount of drug administered

Answer 34

Bioavailability

Question 35

Route of administration with: o Maximum convenience o Absorption may be slower and less complete o Some drugs have low bioavailability when given oral o Subject to first-pass effect

Answer 35

Oral

Question 36

Route of administration with: o Instantaneous and complete absorption o Bioavailability is 100% o Potentially more dangerous, high blood levels reached if administration is too rapid

Answer 36

Intravenous (IV)/ Parenteral

Question 37

Route of administration with: o Absorption is often faster and more complete (higher bioavailability) than oral o Large volumes (>5 mL into each buttock) if the drug is not irritating o First-pass effect is avoided o Heparin cannot be given by this route because it causes bleeding in the muscle

Answer 37

Intramuscular (IM)

Question 38

Route of administration with: o Slower absorption than IM route o First-pass effect is avoided o Heparin can be given by this route because it does not cause hematoma

Answer 38

Subcutaneous

Question 39

Route of administration with: o Permits absorption direct into the systemic circulation, bypassing hepatic portal circuit and first-pass metabolism o Slow or fast depending on formulation of the product

Answer 39

Buccal and Sublingual

Question 40

Route of administration with: o Partial avoidance of first-pass effect o Not completely absorbed as compared to the sublingual route o tend to migrate upward in the rectum where absorption is partially absorbed into the portal circulation o Larger amounts of unpleasant drugs are better administered rectally o May cause significant irritation

Answer 40

Rectal (Suppository)

Question 41

Route of administration with: o For respiratory diseases o Delivery closest to the target tissue o Results into rapid absorption because of the rapid and thin alveolar surface area o Drugs that are gases at room temperature (e.g., NO2), or easily volatilized (anesthetics)

Answer 41

Inhalation

Question 42

Route of administration with: o Application to the skin or mucous membrane of the eye, nose, throat, airway, or vagina for local effect o Rate of absorption varies with the area of application and drug's formulation o Absorption is slower compared to other routes

Answer 42

Topical

Question 43

Route of administration with: o Application to the skin for systemic effect o Rate of absorption occurs very slowly o First-pass effect is avoided

Answer 43

Transdermal

Question 44

Rate of elimination is constant regardless of concentration

Answer 44

Zero order elimination

Question 45

Rate of elimination is proportionate to the concentration

Answer 45

First order elimination

Question 46

Neutral molecule that can form a cation (+ charged) by combining with a proton (hydrogen ion)

Answer 46

Weak Base

Question 47

Ionized, more polar, more water soluble when they are protonated

Answer 47

Weak base

Question 48

Neutral molecule that can reversibly dissociate into an anion (- charged) and a proton (hydrogen ion)

Answer 48

Weak acid

Question 49

Not ionized, less polar, less water soluble when they are protonated

Answer 49

Weak Acid

Question 50

- determines the concentration gradient between blood and the organ - E.g. skeletal muscle and brain A. Size of the organ B. Blood flow C. Solubility D. Binding

Answer 50

Size of the organ

Question 51

Important determinant of the rate of uptake A. Size of the organ B. Blood flow C. Solubility D. Binding

Answer 51

Blood flow

Question 52

Binding of drugs to macromolecules in the blood or tissue compartment will tend to ________ the drug's concentration in that compartment. A. Increase B. Decrease C. No effect

Answer 52

increase

Question 52

Well-perfused organs (4)

Answer 52

brain, heart, kidneys, and splanchnic organs

Question 53

T/F: If the drug is very soluble in cells, the concentration in the perivascular space will be lower and diffusion from the vessel into the extravascular tissue will be facilitated

Answer 53

True

Question 53

- Refers to the amount of drug in the body to the concentration in the plasma - Vd

Answer 53

Apparent volume of distribution

Question 53

Inactive as administered and must be metabolized in the body to become active ○ Eg, levodopa, minoxidil

Answer 53

Prodrugs

Question 54

T/F: Action of many drugs is terminated before they are excreted

Answer 54

True

Question 55

T/F: Prodrugs are active as administered and have active metabolites as well

Answer 55

False

Question 55

Determinants of the duration of action for most drugs (2)

Answer 55

Dosage, Rate of elimination following the last dose

Question 56

T/F: Drug elimination is the same as drug excretion

Answer 56

False

Question 56

________________ , elimination of the parent molecule by metabolism is not synonymous with termination of action A. For most drugs B. For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs) C. For drugs that are not metabolized D. None of the above

Answer 56

For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs)

Question 56

_____________________ , excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs) A. For most drugs B. For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs) C. For drugs that are not metabolized D. None of the above

Answer 56

For most drugs

Question 57

______________ , excretion is the mode of elimination A. For most drugs B. For most drugs, excretion is by way of the kidneys (except anesthetic gasses-lungs) C. For drugs that are not metabolized D. None of the above

Answer 57

For drugs that are not metabolized

Question 58

T/F: A small number of drugs combine irreversibly with their receptors, disappearance from the bloodstream is not equivalent to cessation of drug action

Answer 58

True

Question 59

T/F: Rate of elimination is proportionate to the concentration

Answer 59

True

Question 60

T/F: Drug’s concentration in plasma increases exponentially with time

Answer 60

False

Question 61

T/F: Half-life of elimination is constant regardless of amount of drug in the body

Answer 61

True

Question 62

T/F: Concentration of such drug in the blood will decrease by 50% for every half-life

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Most drugs are eliminated through?

Answer 63

First order elimination

Question 64

T/F: Rate of elimination is constant regardless of concentration

Answer 64

True

Question 65

Occurs with drugs that saturate their elimination of mechanism at concentrations of clinical interest

Answer 65

Zero order elimination

Question 65

Concentration of such drugs in plasma increase in linear fashion over time

Answer 65

False

Question 65

T/F: With higher doses, there will be bigger chances of toxic effect because the patient may not be able to eliminate it

Answer 65

True