Intro

Question 1

Linguistic Competence

Answer 1

a speaker’s implicit, internalized of the rules of their language

Question 2

Linguistic Performance

Answer 2

the actual use of language in concrete situations

Question 3

Performance Error

Answer 3

a mistake or bias that can occur in evaluating and individual’s performance

Question 4

Speech Communication Chain

Answer 4

a model that highlights the transformation of an intention in the mind of the speaker to an understanding of that intention in the mind of the listener through the process that involve the grammar, phonetics, articulation, sound, hearing, and perception

Question 5

Speech Communication Steps

Answer 5

the main processing stages and knowledge that speakers and listeners use: intention, meaning, utterance, articulatory plan, articulation, sound, auditory response, word sequence, meaning, understanding

Question 6

Noise

Answer 6

a sound

Question 7

Lexicon

Answer 7

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge

Question 8

Mental Grammar

Answer 8

the generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand

Question 9

Language Variation

Answer 9

More than one way of saying the same thing within a different region, ethnicity, or social class

Question 10

Descriptive Grammar

Answer 10

an objective, nonjudgemental description of the grammatical constructions in a language; how you “do” speak vs. how you “ought” to speak (prescriptive language)

Question 11

Evidence that “Language” and “Writing” are not the same

Answer 11

1. Age- Language goes back to ancient times, Writing is fairly recent.
2. Acquisition-Language is learned as young as the first two years of life, Writing is learned later.
3. Universality- Humans everywhere can speak or use oral language, but some cultures are non literate.
4. Standardization- Languages have dialects, writing is encouraged toward a single norm.
   Resource:
   https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/whats-difference-between-speech-and-writing

Question 12

Reasons why people believe writing to be superior to speech.

Answer 12

1. Throughout history, only those of a higher class were taught to read and write. The ability to be able to decipher writing was thought to be prestigious.
2. Writing is more suitable for recording information.
3. Writing mostly takes time to put thoughts to paper, whereas speech is mostly done without first thinking.

Question 13

Prescriptive Grammar

Answer 13

set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used

Question 14

Prescribe

Answer 14

the attempt to lay down rules defining “correct” grammar

Question 15

Charles Hockett’s nine design features

Answer 15

1. Vocal-auditory channel
2. Broadcast transmission and directional reception
3. Transitoriness
4. Interchangeability
5. Total feedback
6. Specialization
7. Semanticity
8. Arbitrariness
9. Discreteness

Question 16

Mode of Communication

Answer 16

mode is a means of communication, for example: natural speech, facial expression, or gesture

Question 17

Semanticity

Answer 17

use of arbitrary or non arbitrary signals to transmit meaningful messages, in singular form, semantics means the meaning of words

Question 18

Pragmatic Function

Answer 18

the meaning a speaker wishes to convey to the person the speaker is speaking to

Question 19

Interchangeability

Answer 19

the idea that humans can give and receive identical linguistic signals

Question 20

Cultural Transmission

Answer 20

in linguistics, the process whereby a language is passed on from one generation to the next in a community

Question 21

Arbitrariness

Answer 21

the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word’s meaning and its sound or form

Question 22

Linguistic Sign

Answer 22

a unit of language that is bilateral; consists of a signifier , made up of speech sounds, and a signified, created by the linguistic sign’s sense content

Question 23

Convention

Answer 23

a principle or norm that has been adopted by a person or linguistic community about how to use, and therefore what the meaning is of, a specific term

Question 24

Non-arbitrariness

Answer 24

not subject to individual determination

Question 25

Iconic

Answer 25

relationship of semblance or similarity between 2 aspects of a sign: its form and its meaning; one whose form resembles its meaning in some way

Question 26

Onomatopoeia

Answer 26

the naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it

Question 27

Conventionalized

Answer 27

something that is established, commonly agreed upon, or operating in a certain way according to common practice

Question 28

Sound Symbolism

Answer 28

phenomenon by which certain sounds are evocative of a particular meaning

Question 29

Discreteness

Answer 29

the property of some communication systems by which complex messages may be built up out of smaller parts

Question 30

Displacement

Answer 30

the property of some communication systems that allows them to be used to communicate about things, actions, and ideas that are not present at the place or time where communication is taking place

Question 31

Productivity

Answer 31

the capacity of a communication system for novel messages built out of discrete units to be produced and understood

Question 32

Modality

Answer 32

means through which a message is transmitted for any given communication system

Question 33

Myths About Signed Languages

Answer 33

1. Sign language is universal 2. Sign language only uses your hands 3. American Sign Language is based on English 4. ASL is most similar to British Sign Language

Question 34

Differences between Codes and Languages

Answer 34

1. Codes is just plain text. 2. Language is full of ambiguity. 3. Language is less redundant and more concise. 4. Language is full of idiom and metaphor, coding is literal.