Intro A&P Exam 4- Book Notes Flashcards
1
Q
Abdominal Cavity
A
abdominal cavity- begins at inferior surface of the diaphragm
stomach, liver, spleen, colon
different in that it is totally protected by muscle
4 quadrants- RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, RUQ
2
Q
Abduction
A
movement away from the midline
3
Q
Adduction
A
movement toward the midline
4
Q
Adipose Tissue
A
fatty tissue
5
Q
Afferent Nerves
A
sensory nerves, carry messages TO brain and spinal cord
6
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
joint with little motion
7
Q
Amount of Blood in Human
A
adult- 4 to 6 quarts
8
Q
Anatomic Position
A
a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body
9
Q
Anatomy
A
study of the structure of an organism
10
Q
Anterior
A
ventral, front half of body
11
Q
Aorta artery
A
largest artery in the body, carries blood away from the heart
12
Q
Aortic valve
A
flap or cusp located between the left ventricle and the aorta
13
Q
Apnea
A
absence of respirations, temporary cessation of respirations
14
Q
Arachnoid Membrane
A
part of the meninges, arachnoid membrane- delicate layer that allows blood vessels to pass through
15
Q
Arteries
A
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
16
Q
Arterioles
A
smallest branch of an artery, connects arteries to capillaries
17
Q
Axon
A
carry impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
18
Q
Basophils
A
participate in the body’s inflammatory response, produce histamine- a vasodilator, and heparin- an anticoagulant
19
Q
Biceps Brachii
A
upper arm, flexes lower arm and supinates hand
20
Q
Bicuspid valve
A
mitral valve- between left atrium and left ventricle
also called the bicuspid valve
21
Q
Biology
A
Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
22
Q
Bradycardia
A
slow heart rate, below 60 beats per minute
23
Q
Buccal Cavity
A
mouth
24
Q
Capillaries
A
connect arteries and venules, diffusion takes place here
25
Cardiac Muscle
forms the walls of the heart, contracts to circulate blood
26
cardiac sphincter
opening between esophagus and stomach, valve
27
Carotid artery
on the neck on either side of the treachea
28
Cataract
lens becomes cloudy and opaque, leads to blindness
29
Cellular respirations
the use of oxygen and nurients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide
30
Centrosome
the area of cell cytoplasm that contains 2 centrioles
31
Cerebellum
2nd largest part of brain
below cerebrum
allows for coordination of muscle, balance, posture, and muscle tone
32
Cerebrum
60% of brain weight
biggest part of the brain
made of lobes and hemispheres
lobes named after the bones they lay under
hemispheres named right and left- control opposite side
functions- reasoning, cognition, memory, judgement, speech, sensation, sight, smell, hearing, voluntary movement
33
Cervix of Uterus
entrance to/ lower part of the uterus
34
Chromatin
inside genetic material in nucleus
make up chromosomes
most normal humans have 23 pairs
35
Cilia
hairlike projections, help perform peristalsis
36
Ciliary Body
line the Fallopian tubes
37
Circulatory system
cardiovascular system
consists of heart, blood vessels and blood
transports oxygen and nutrients to all the body cells
transports CO2 and metabolic waste away
38
Circumduction
move in a circle at a joint
39
Cirrhosis
liver becomes mass of scar tissue, often associated with alcoholism
40
Clotting Proteins
thrombocytes, platelets
41
Cochlea
snail shaped section of the inner ear, contains the organ of corti
42
Color of blood
clear
43
Conjunctiva
mucous membrane that lines eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye
44
Connective Tissue
```
soft- loose connective tissue- holes in it
adipose tissue
large number of fat cells in it
warmth, cushion, energy
hard- supports and strengthens
bones, cartilage
```
45
Contractility
ability of muscles to contract
46
Contracture
tightening or shortening of a muscle
47
Cornea
transparent section of the sclera, allows light rays to enter the eye
48
Coronal Plane
```
front half and back half
anterior- front part of body
also called ventral
posterior- back half of body
also called dorsal
```
49
Coronary Artery
first branch of the aorta, right and left, carries blood to the myocardium
50
Cranial Cavity
contains the brain
51
Deltoid
shoulder, abducts arm, injection site
52
Dendrite
carry impulses toward the cell body or a neuron
53
Diaphysis
```
shaft of the long bone
middle part, between ends
filled with yellow marrow
made of adipose tissue
absorbs shock
```
54
Diarthosis
joint, aslo called synovial
most amount of movement
shoulders, hips, fingers, toes..
55
Diastolic
measurement of blood pressure when the heart is at rest, constant pressure of the arteries
56
Diencephalon
located between the cerebrum and the brain stem
thalamus- relay point for all impulses
impulses must go through this to reach brain
hypothalamus
controls ANS
temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, blood vessel constriction and dilation
57
Digestive system
gastrointestinal system, responsible for physical and chemical breakdown of food
58
Distal
most distant, farthest from the trunk or midline
59
Dorsal
pertaining to the back of, in back of
60
Dorsal Cavity
```
posterior cavity-in your back
Cranial cavity
totally protected by bone
houses the brain
spinal cavity
runs down center of back
protected by vertebrae
holds the spinal cord
```
61
Dura mater
outer layer of the meninges, very protective
62
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
63
Efferent Nerves
motor nerves, carry impulses FROM brain to muscles and glands
64
Ejaculatory ducts
in a male, the duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra
65
Elasticity
allows muscle to return to its original state
66
Embolus
a blood clot or mass that moves through the blood vessels
67
Endocrine System
group of ductless glands that create hormones that go into the bloodstream and to target tissue
68
Endoplasmic Reticulum
smooth and rough
transportation mechanism
rough plays role in protein synthesis
ribosomes imbedded in walls
69
Endosteum
membrane that lines entire inside of bone
| under diaphysis and into epiphysis
70
Eosinophils
type of leukocyte, remove toxins and defend the body against allergic reations by creating antihistamines
71
Epididymis
tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac, connects the testes with the vas deferens
72
Epilepsy
```
abnormal electrical conduction in brain
genetics, lack of oxygen, brain tumors, carbon monoxide poisoning
variety of types of seizures
eyes gazing off to whole body
procedure in emergency notes
```
73
Epiphysis
ends of the long bone, contains red marrow
74
Epithelial Tissue
tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands, lines the body cavities
75
Erythrocytes
```
red blood cells
no nucleus
hemoglobin
very large
shaped like werther's caramels
carry oxygen and CO2
```
76
Excitability
irritability, ability to react/respond to stimuli
77
Extensibility
ability to be stretched
78
Extension
increasing the angle between two parts, straightening a limb
79
External respirations
taking air in and letting it out of the lungs
80
factors influencing BP
increase- excitement, anxiety, nervous tension, exercise, eating, pain, obesity, smoking, stimulant drugs
decrease- rest or sleep, depressant drugs, shock, dehydration, hemorrhage, fasting
81
Factors influencing temperature
increase- illness, infection, exercise, excitement, high environment temp
decrease- starvation or fasting, sleeping, decreased muscle activity, mouth breathing, exposure to cold temperatures, certain diseases
82
false ribs
Pairs 8, 9, and 10
do not attach directly to sternum
attach through rib 7
83
fascia
tough sheetlike membrane that covers and protects tissue
84
femoral artery
inner aspect of the upper thigh where thigh joins the trunk of the body
85
flexion
decreasing the angle between two parts, bending a limb
86
floating ribs
11 and 12
| don't attach to anything but vertebrae
87
fontanels
area between the cranial bones where the bones have not fused together, "soft spots" on the skull of an infant
88
frontal plane
coronal plane, imaginary line that separates the body into front and back sections
89
function of bile
used to digest fats
90
Functions of Thrombocytes
clot blood, repair damaged areas with platelet plugs
91
fundus of uterus
top section of the uterus where the Fallopian tubes attach
92
Gastrocnemius
back of lower leg, flexes and supinates sole of the foot
93
Gluteus maximus
buttocks, extends and rotates thigh, injection site
94
Golgi apparatus
produces, stores, packages secretions from the cell
95
hard palate
bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
96
Hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body, seen often in stroke patients
97
Hemoglobin
iron containing protein of the red blood cells, serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
98
Inferior
below, under
99
Insertion
end that moves when a muscle contracts
100
Integumentary system
pertaining to the skin or a covering, also contains glands
101
Internal respirations
exchange of oxygen and CO2 between tissues and blood
102
Involuntary muscles
independent action not controlled by choice or desire
103
iris
colored portion of the eye, made of muscular tissue that regulates the size of the pupil
104
Joints
articulation, place where two bones meet or join
105
Lateral
pertaining to the side
106
Latissimus Dorsi
spine around to chest, extends and adducts upper arm
107
left atrium
recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs
108
left ventricle
recieves blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta for transport to body cells
109
lens
crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye, refracts or bends light rays into the retina
110
leukocytes
white blood cell, uses phagocytosis
111
ligament
fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
112
linings of uterus
endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
113
lymphatic system
works with the cardiovascular
| removes waste and excess fluids from the body tissues
114
lymphocytes
provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies, protect against the formation of cancer cells
115
lysosome
in the cytoplasm, contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cell, bacteria, and foreign matter
116
medial
pertaining to the middle or midline
117
Medulla Oblongata
connects directly to spinal cord
if damaged, death is probably instantaneous
heartbeat, respirations, swallowing, coughing, blood pressure
118
medullary cavity
center of the long bone
inside the diaphysis
filled with yellow marrow
119
meninges
membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
dura mater- outer layer, very protective
arachnoid membrane- delicate layer that allows blood vessels to pass through
pia mater- thin, covers brain, everything the brain needs enters here
120
midbrain
between the cerebrum and the brain stem
| controls eyes
121
midsagittal plane
imaginary line drawn through the midline of the body to divide it into right and left sides, follows sagittal suture of skull
122
mitochondria
provide energy, involved in metabolism of the cell
123
mitral valve
flap of cusp between the left atrium and the left ventricle, also called bicuspid valve
124
muscle tissue
body tissue composed of fibers that produce movement
125
muscle tone
state of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act
126
myelin
lipid/fat covering on an axon in a neuron
127
Neurilemma
membrane sheath around axon of myelinated nerve fibers
128
Neuron
cannot touch each other
synapse- space between neurons that allows impulses to jump from axon to dendrite
this occurring is an impulse
basic structural unit of the nervous system
parts
cell body- soma
nucleus
nerve fibers
dendrites- carry impulses to from the soma
axon-carry impulses away from the soma
cannot reproduce- amitotic
129
Neutrophils
phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme
130
Nucleolus
inside the nucleus
role in cell reproduction
RNA & protein synthesis
ribosomes made here
131
Olfactory receptors
sense of smell, sense it in liquid form
132
orbital cavity
eye socket
133
Order of large intestine
cecum, colon(ascending, transverse, Descending, sigmoid), rectum
134
organ of Corti
structure in the cochlea, organ of hearing
135
organelle
structures in the cytoplasm of a cell (nucleus, mitochondria...)
136
origin
end of a muscle that does not move
137
ovaries
female gonads/ endocrine glands that produce hormones and the female sex cell(ovum)
138
Pancreas
gland that is dorsal to the stomach, secretes pancreatic juices and insulin
139
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower half of the body
140
parasympathetic system
pulls you back down after fight-or-flight/adrenaline response
141
pathrophysiology
study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes
142
pectoralis major
upper chest, adducts and flexes upper arm
143
pelvic cavity
pelvic cavity- sits in pelvic girdle- hip bones
| reproductive organs, bladder, bit of colon
144
perineum
region between the anus and the vagina in a female and the scrotum and anus of a male
145
peripheral pulse sites
temporal(side of forehead), carotid(neck), Brachial(elbow crease), radial(inside of wrist), femoral(inner upper thigh), popliteal(behind knee), dorsalis pedis(top of foot arch)
146
pharyngeal tonsils
adenoid tonsils, in the nasopharynx(upper throat)
147
Phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
148
Physiology
the study of the processes or functions of living organisms
149
Pia Mater
layer of the meninges, thin, covers brain, everything the brain needs enters here
150
Pinocytic vesicle
pocket-like part of cell membrane
| allows large proteins/ fats to enter cell
151
Platelets
Thrombocytes, cell fragments that work to repair damaged areas
152
pleura
serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
153
Pons
portion of the brainstem that connects the medullas oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain, controls messages and reflex actions
154
Posterior
toward the back, behind
155
Proximal
closest to the point of attachment or area of reference
156
Pulmonary Valve
flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery
157
pupil
opening or hole in the center of the iris, allows light to enter the eye
158
pyloric sphincter
valve that controls what leaves the stomach
159
pyrexia
fever
160
quadriceps femoris
front of thigh, extends leg, injection site
161
quadriplegia
paralysis below the neck, all four limbs
162
rectus abdominus
ribs to pubis(pelvis), compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column
163
red marrow
soft tissue in the epiphysis of long bones, creates red blood cells
164
respiratory system
lungs and air passages
takes in oxygen and removes CO2
works continuously or death is in 10-12 minutes, brain damage usually after 4-6 minutes
165
retina
sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision
cones- color/day vision
rods- night/dark vision
166
right atrium
recieves blood as it returns from body cells
167
right ventricle
recieves blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery where it goes to the lungs
168
risk factors hypertension
family history, race, obesity, stress, smoking, age, diet high in saturated fats
169
rotation
turning of a body part around its own axis
170
Rugae
folds in the stomach and vagina that allow it to expand
171
salivary amylase
an enzyme in saliva(ptyalin), begins breakdown of food
172
salivary glands
glands of the mouth that secrete saliva, a digestive secretion
173
Sartorius
front of thigh, abducts thigh, flexes leg
174
Sclera
outermost layer
maintains shape of the eye
whites of the eyes
cornea found in the front of it
175
scrotum
double pouch containing the testes and epididymis in the male individual
176
semicircular canal
structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium
177
seminal vesicles
2 saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual, secretes thick viscous fluid for semen
178
sinuses
cavity or air space in the bone
179
skeletal muscle
attached to bones and causes movement
180
smooth muscle
visceral, found in the internal organs
181
skeletal system
made of organs called bones, adult has 206, serves as a framework for muscles, fat(adipose tissue), and skin
produces blood cells in red marrow
ends of long bones, flat bones
protects internal structures
Stores calcium, phosphorus, and adipose tissue
182
somatic system
carries messages between the central nervous system and the body
183
spinal cavity
holds the spinal cord
184
Sternocleidomastoid
side of neck, turns and flexes head
185
structure of Fallopian tubes
5 inches long, attached to fundus of uterus, ends are just above ovaries w/ finger like projections called fimbriae- move ovum into Fallopian tube, cillia move the ovum down the tube to the uterus
186
superior
above, on top of, higher than
187
sympathetic system
division of the ANS that allows the body to respond to emergencies and stress
188
Synarthrosis
joint with no movement, suture lines in skull
189
Systolic
measurement of blood pressure during contraction of heart
190
Tachycardia
fast or rapid heartbeat (100+ in adults)
191
Tendon
strong, tough, fibrous connective-tissue cords
192
Testes
gonads or endocrine glands of the male system that are located in the scrotum of the male and produce sperm and male hormones
193
Thoracic cavity
thoracic cavity-heart, lungs, great vessels, protected by ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula
194
Thoracic vertebrae
```
after 7 cervical, next 12- thoracic vertebrae
make up chest cavity
where the ribs attach
very protective of spinal cord
T1-T12
```
195
Thrombocytes
platelets, required for clotting of blood, cell fragments
196
Thrombophlephitis
swelling of a vein caused by a blood clot
197
Tibialis Anterior
front of lower leg, flexes and inverts foot
198
Transverse plane
imaginary line dividing the body into top and bottom halves
199
Trapezius
upper back and neck, extends head, moves shoulder
200
Triceps brachii
upper arm, extends and adducts lower arm
201
Tricuspid valve
flap or cusp between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart
202
true ribs
1st seven pairs, attach directly to sternum
203
urinary system
excretory system, removes certain wastes and excess water from the body, maintains pH levels
204
Varicose veins
distended, swollen veins
205
vas deferens
ductus deferens, the tube that carries sperm and semen from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the male body
206
veins
blood vessel that carries blood to the heart
207
ventral
pertaining to the front, or anterior, part of the body, in front of
208
ventral cavity
anterior cavities
thoracic cavity-heart, lungs, great vessels, protected by ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula
abdominal cavity- begins at inferior surface of the diaphragm
stomach, liver, spleen, colon
different in that it is totally protected by muscle
pelvic cavity- sits in pelvic girdle- hip bones
reproductive organs, bladder, bit of colon
209
ventricles
lower chambers of the heart
210
venules
smallest type of vein, connects capillaries and veins
211
vestibule
small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal
212
villi
tiny projections from the surface of the small intestine, aid in nutrient absorption
213
voluntary muscles
muscles under your control (biceps, quads...)
214
ways to take temperature
oral(mouth), rectal(anus), axillary(armpit), aural(ear), temporal(forehead scan)
215
yellow marrow
soft fatty tissue in the diaphyses of long bones
