Intro and Homeostasis

Question 1

Process of maintaining a relatively constant/stable internal environment (set point) in spite of changing external environments.

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

Outside body is ___- environment

Answer 2

external environment

Question 3

Inside body, outside cells is _____ environment

Answer 3

internal environment

Question 4

Inside cells is _____ environment

Answer 4

intracellular environment

Question 5

levels change over short periods of time but remain relatively constant over long periods of time.

Answer 5

dynamic constancy

Question 6

Is homeostasis dynamic or static?

Answer 6

Dynamic

Question 7

A _____ state requires energy input

Answer 7

steady state

Question 8

When homeostasis is maintained, we refer to ______

Answer 8

physiology

Question 9

when homeostasis is not maintained, we refer to ______

Answer 9

pathophysiology

Question 10

Environment outside of the cell, Necessary for normal cell function; Local vs. Systemic

Answer 10

Extracellular fluid

Question 11

Restricted to one tissue space; Utilizes Paracrines and Autocrines; Maintain Function of Tissue is _____ extracellular fluid

Answer 11

Local extracellular fluid

Question 12

Involves entire body, Utilizes Nervous System and Endocrine system, Maintain Function of Heart and Brain is ____ extracellular fluid

Answer 12

Systemic extracellular fluid

Question 13

Endocrine and Nervous system are considered _____ extracellular fluid homeostasis

Answer 13

Systemic

Question 14

Paracrines and Autocrines are considered _____ extracellular fluid homeostasis

Answer 14

Local

Question 15

Target cells in close proximity to site of release of ______ substance

Answer 15

paracrine

Question 16

______ substance acts on same cell that secreted the substance

Answer 16

Autocrine

Question 17

____ is the first part of the outline of systemic homeostasis; includes changes in ECF composition, body temp, bp, etc.

Answer 17

Stimulus

Question 18

Detects changes in [substance] ECF in outline of systemic homeostasis; Can be Cluster of cells, individual cells, cell parts or molecules in membrane or cytoplasm of cell

Answer 18

Reflex Receptor

Question 19

Determines amplitude of normal range; minimum stimulus required to activate the reflex receptor

Answer 19

threshold stimulus (sensitivity)

Question 20

Carries information from Reflex Receptors to Integrating Center; NS Reflexes only; Sensory Neurons

Answer 20

Afferent pathway

Question 21

Does endocrine system have an afferent pathway?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

Receives stimulus, analyzes information and generates appropriate response

Answer 22

Integrating Center

Question 23

What is the integrating center of nervous system?

Answer 23

Brain/Spinal cord

Question 24

What is the integrating center of endocrine system?

Answer 24

Endocrine gland

Question 25

Carries commands from integrating center to effectors

Answer 25

Efferent Pathway

Question 26

What is the efferent pathway of nervous system?

Answer 26

motor neurons

Question 27

What is the efferent pathway of endocrine system?

Answer 27

Hormones

Question 28

Any cell affected by Efferent Pathway (change in function)

Answer 28

Effector

Question 29

how cell (effector) function is changed by the Efferent Pathway

Answer 29

Local Effector Response

Question 30

how ECF (whole body) changed by local effector response.

Answer 30

Systemic Effector Response

Question 31

T/F: Different Efferent Pathways can create the same systemic effector response while having different local effector responses.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

How Systemic Effector Response changes the function of the Reflex Receptor

Answer 32

Feedback Regulation

Question 33

decreases activity shutting off pathway (homeostatic); values fluctuate around the set point

Answer 33

Negative Feedback

Question 34

increases activity further activating pathway (non-homeostatic)

Answer 34

Positive Feedback

Question 35

________ of activity says: At rest, a homeostatic pathway is neither completely shut off or fully active

Answer 35

Tonic Level of activity

Question 36

____ control: In many instances a single systemic effector response is controlled by two different efferent pathways but in opposite directions.

Answer 36

Antagonistic control

Question 37

____ explanation describes how something happens

Answer 37

Mechanistic Explanation

Question 38

___ explanation describes why something happens

Answer 38

Teleological Explanation