Nervous System 6

Question 1

_____ are the peripheral organs of gustation

Answer 1

Taste Papillae

Question 2

Taste papillae contain _____ which are the functional units of gustation

Answer 2

Taste buds

Question 3

Are test receptors cells are epithelial cells or neurons?

Answer 3

Epithelial cells

Question 4

_____ are chemicals that can activate a taste receptor cell

Answer 4

Tastants

Question 5

T/F: All tastants must dissolve in saliva

Answer 5

True

Question 6

T/F: Individual taste receptor cells may be sensitive to a specific taste stimulus, but many taste receptor cells have receptors for multiple taste types.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

___ is vital for normal gustation

Answer 7

Olfaction

Question 8

What 2 taste are ion channel linked receptors?

Answer 8

Sour and salty

Question 9

What 3 tastes are accounted for by the taste receptor genes? (TR1 and TR2) (g-protein)

Answer 9

Sweet, bitter, and umami

Question 10

Stimulated by H+, Protective taste b.Multiple candidate receptors a.Amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), H+ channels, blockade of K+ channels b.All potential mechanisms lead to depolarization of receptor cells

Answer 10

Sour taste

Question 11

___ taste a.Lots of stimuli: sugars, glycols, alcohols, artificial sweeteners (saccharine, aspartame, sucralose)b.T1R receptor family is important. Specifically, T1R2 & T1R3 proteins make a dimer that is G-protein linked i.Broadly sensitive to sweet-tasting substances. ii.Sweet receptors are usually NOT on the same cells as bitter & umami.

Answer 11

Sweet Taste

Question 12

____ taste a.Stimuli are usually organic: K+, denatonium, caffeine, strychnine, quinine, nicotine, broccoli, brussel sprouts b.Protective taste: highest number of receptors and lowest threshold for perception c.Multiple Receptors (50-80) in T2R family

Answer 12

Bitter Taste

Question 13

____ salts are colorless and odorless solids that are used to prevent inappropriate ingestion

Answer 13

Denatonium salts

Question 14

____ taste a.Stimulated mostly by Na+ and somewhat by Cl- b.Receptor: i.ENaC (Na+ channel) ii.Cl- via paracellular transport?

Answer 14

Salty.

Question 15

___ taste Stimulus: monosodium glutamate, enhanced by ribonucleotides b.Receptor: i.Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGLuR4 receptor)

Answer 15

Umami

Question 16

Which taste tends to have lowest threshold?

Answer 16

Bitter

Question 17

Taste specificity is best at ____ ligand concentrations

Answer 17

low

Question 18

Does Taste does not solely depend on combinations of the aforementioned 5 receptors?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

If a person is a supertaster, that do they have an increased amount of?

Answer 19

Fungiform papilla and taste buds

Question 20

Are supertasters more or less responsive to other tastant types than a normal taster?

Answer 20

More

Question 21

Where do taste receptors synapse?

Answer 21

First order neurons

Question 22

Where are the second order neurons for taste?

Answer 22

Nucleus tractus solitarii

Question 23

The _____ is a purely sensory nucleus in the medulla and it receives input for taste, chemoreceptors, aortic bodies, etc.

Answer 23

Nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)

Question 24

T/F: Olfactory cells are primary afferent neurons

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Olfactory Receptor cells are _____ neurons that have a short peripheral process that extends into the mucosa where it ends in an expended olfactory knob. The knob gives rise to several cilia that form a dense mat at the mucosal surface. The cilia interact with odorants in mucus

Answer 25

bipolar

Question 26

New receptor cells generated every ____ days from basal cells and they must form synapses with ____ cells in the olfactory bulb.

Answer 26

60 days; mitral cells

Question 27

_____ are globular structures in the olfactory bulbs and it is where the short axons from olfactory receptor cells terminate. Each one is the terminus for ~25,000 axons and dendrites from mitral cells.

Answer 27

Glomeruli

Question 28

Where do axons of olfactory receptor cells synapse with mitral cells?

Answer 28

Olfactory bulb

Question 29

Is AP frequency of olfactory receptor cells more or less?

Answer 29

More

Question 30

What Is the resting membrane potential of olfactory cells

Answer 30

-55mV

Question 31

Do olfactory receptor cells with one type of odorant receptor project to a single or multiple glomeruli?

Answer 31

One

Question 32

What G coupled protein receptor is used in olfaction?

Answer 32

Adenylyl cyclase

Question 33

Increased levels of _____ open sodium channels to depolarize the olfactory neuron

Answer 33

cAMP

Question 34

To be perceived, odorants must be ____, be _____, be _____, and reach _____

Answer 34

Be volatile, be partially water-soluble, be partially lipid-soluble, and reach olfactory mucosa

Question 35

How much of adaptation of olfaction is achieved in the first second?

Answer 35

50%

Question 36

____ are the special inhibitory cells in the olfactory bulb

Answer 36

Granule cells

Question 37

T/F: Different olfactory receptor proteins respond differently to the same odorants

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Information conveyed by relative amount of activity across multiple, differentially sensitive elements in an array.

Answer 38

Across-Fiber Pattern Code

Question 39

The olfactory tract enters the brain at the junction between the _____ and the _____ and divides into two pathways.

Answer 39

midbrain and the cerebrum

Question 40

The medial olfactory pathway goes to _____ and ______ for olfactory reflexes

Answer 40

hypothalamus and limbic system

Question 41

The _____ olfactory area deal with Automatic but learned control of food intake and aversion to toxic and unhealthy foods and Conscious perception and analysis of olfaction.

Answer 41

Lateral olfactory area

Question 42

___ means can't identify taste

Answer 42

Taste agnosia

Question 43

____ means loss of taste

Answer 43

Ageusia

Question 44

____ disorders are frequently with aging; may be better predictor of Alzheimer's;

Answer 44

Olfactory disorders