Nervous System 3 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
The _____ (part of the diencephalon) plays a key role in both pathways.
A
thalamus
2
Q
_____ neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root and then synapse with interneurons and/or motor neurons in the gray matter.
A
Sensory neurons
3
Q
_____ neurons exit the spinal cord via the ventral root to go to effectors.
A
Motor neurons
4
Q
Portion of spinal cord made up of neuron cell bodies and interneurons
A
Gray matter
5
Q
Portion of spinal cord made up of neuron axons; these are myelinated
A
White matter
6
Q
What 2 spinal cord tracts contain ascending sensory axons?
A
Dorsal column and spinothalmic
7
Q
What spinal cord tract contains descending motor axons?
A
Corticospinal
8
Q
The midbrain, pons, and medulla are collectively called the _____
A
Midbrain
9
Q
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?
A
Occipital, frontal, pariteal, and temporal
10
Q
Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex, Broca’s Area
A
Frontal
11
Q
Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Primary Sensory Cortex, Primary Gustatory Cortex
A
Parietal
12
Q
Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Primary Auditory Cortex, Primary Olfactory Cortex, Wernicke’s Area
A
Temporal
13
Q
Which lobe of cerebrum contains the following specialized areas: Primary Visual Cortex
A
Occipital
14
Q
_____ areas receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both the sensory and motor cortices and subcortical areas.
A
Association (Secondary) areas
15
Q
In about 95% of people, the ____ hemisphere is the dominant/categorical hemisphere
A
left
16
Q
Which hemisphere of the brain Contains Wernicke’s Area and Broca’s Area for most people?
A
Left
17
Q
The ___ is the gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum. Contains neuron cell bodies.
A
cerebral cortex
18
Q
The ______ allows for information stored in one hemisphere available to the opposite hemisphere.–Severing this would prevent somatic and visual information from the right side of the body from reaching the General Interpretive Area to be used for decision making.
A
corpus callosum
19
Q
_______ areas Receive and analyze signals from multiple regions of both the sensory and motor cortices and subcortical areas.
A
Association areas
20
Q
_____ association area of the brain shows Decreased aggressiveness and inappropriate social responses•Ability to progress towards goals or to carry through sequential thoughts•Keep track of many pieces of information simultaneously and recall the information as needed (working memory).
A
Prefrontal Association Area (Cortex)
21
Q
The _____ area is part of the frontal lobe and contains language centers involved in the production of speech
A
Broca’s area
22
Q
The ____ area is part of the temporal lobe and is used for interpretation of spoken and written language
A
Wernicke’s area
23
Q
____ are part of the CNS and assist with proper movement; Considered an accessory motor system as it functions in close association with the cerebral cortex (Frontal Lobe) and the Corticospinal Descending Motor pathway; nuclei associated with the cerebrum
A
Basal nuclei
24
Q
Basal nuclei includes what 4 structures?
A
Caudate nucleus, Putamen, globus pallidus, and subthalamic nucleus
25
basal nuclei forms pathway that increases cortical excitation and promotes movement
direct pathway
26
basal nuclei forms pathway that inhibits cortical activity and inhibits movement
indirect pathway
27
Disorders of the basal nuclei cause movement disorders are called ______
Dyskinesias
28
______ disorders/Dyskinesias (Parkinson’s disease) are due to damage to the direct pathway.
Hypokinetic disorders
29
_____ disorders/Dyskinesias (Huntington disease) result from damage to the indirect pathway.
Hyperkinetic movement disorders
30
Sensory relay for information for the cerebral cortex. Motor control pathways also synapse in the thalamus.
Thalamus
31
Involved in maintaining homeostasis. Impacts the autonomic, endocrine and limbic systems.
Hypothalamus
32
Contains the pineal body (secretes Melatonin) that aids in the regulation of circadian rhythms.
Epithalamus
33
Involved in the basal ganglia and control of voluntary movement. Damage causes hemiballismus (contralateral flinging movement of one or both extremities).
Subthalamus
34
Consists of cortical and diencephalic structures found on the medial aspect of each hemisphere.The neuronal circuitry involved in emotion (fear, anxiety, sadness, happiness, etc.) and memory.
Limbic system
35
____ is an important output of the limbic system for the expression of emotions because its efferent connections coordinate autonomic and visceral functions; results in activation of fight or flight response by the sympathetic nervous system
hypothalamus
36
________ is a central structure in mediating the fear response; lesions in this area can prevent fear.
amygdala
37
What part of the midbrain deals with dopamine?
Substantia nigra
38
The _____ causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
39
______ of the midbrain is targeted to induce analgesia
Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
40
The ____ is a part of a descending pathway that modulates pain transmission by inhibition of primary afferent transmission in the dorsal horn.
Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
41
_____ and ______ project to the spinal cord where they release serotonin and norepinephrine, respectively, to inhibit the activity of dorsal horn neurons that receive input from nociceptive afferent fibers; activated by PAG
Nucleus Raphe Magnus and Rostral Ventromedial Medulla
42
____ is a center in the pons that regulates centers in the medulla; inhibits inspiration and increases respiration
Pneumotaxic center
43
_____ is Involved in motor control of posture, muscle tone and learning of repeated motor functions. •Diseases result in alterations in gait, balance and coordination of motor activities; not paralysis.
Cerebellum
44
It is the most inferior portion of brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord.
Medulla Oblongata
45
The Nucleus Raphe Magnus release what NT onto dorsal horn neurons to reduce ascending pain signals
Serotonin
46
Rostral Ventromedial Medulla release what NT onto dorsal horn neurons to reduce ascending pain signals
Norepinephrine
47
_____ in the brainstem activates the cortex via the thalamus; Pain signals increase the activity of the excitatory area; ACH is one of the NT; smell doesn't activate this; part of brain that wakes you up
Reticular excitatory activating system (RAS)
48
Consciousness is maintained by the normal functioning of the RAS above the mid pons and its bilateral projections to the ____ and _____
thalamus and cerebral hemispheres
49
A _____ results from lesions that affect either the RAS or both cerebral hemispheres.
Coma
50
_____ inhibits the activity of the reticular excitatory area.–Serotonin is one of the NT for this system; regulates RAS
Reticular inhibitory system
51
_____ is involved in cognitive functions, especially memory.
Acetylcholine
52
In _____, Areas most severely impacted are the hippocampus and temporal lobes.•Causes degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert that project throughout the cortex. Treatment includes Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA (Glutamate receptor) antagonist.
Alzheimer's
53
The ____ is part of the limbic system used in memory
hippocampus
54
______ influences a multitude of functions, including sleep, cognition, sensory perception, motor activity, temperature regulation, nociception, mood, appetite, sexual behavior, and hormone secretion.
Serotonin
55
What part of the brain makes Ach?
Nucleus basalis
56
What part of the brain makes serotonin?
Raphe nuclei
57
______ is involved in dampening ascending pain (nociceptive) signals.
Nucleus Raphe Magnus
58
The physiological processes under _____ control include reward, emotion, cognition, memory, and motor activity.
dopaminergic
59
Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Compacta project to the Basal Nuclei; this is the pathway that degenerates in _____ Disease.
Parkinson’s
60
What areas of the brain are involved in dopaminergic projections?
Substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and nucleus accumbens
61
Neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area project to the Nucleus Accumbens and the Prefrontal Cortex. Dysfunction in this pathway is associated with _____
addiction
62
_____ impacts all areas of the brain and facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission leading to attention and arousal; awake state and alertness
Norepinephrine
63
Where in the brain is norepinephrine made?
Locus coeruleus
64
_____ is involved in depression
Norepinephrine
65
UMNs from the cerebral cortex initiate and direct sequences of _____ movement (Pyramidal/Direct Pathway).
voluntary
66
Damage to _____ causes spastic paralysis on muscles on the opposite side of the body. This results in increased muscle tone, exaggeration of reflexes and pathological reflexes such as the Babinski Reflex.
UMN
67
Damage to the _____ causes flaccid paralysis of muscles on the same side of the body. There is neither voluntary nor reflex action of the muscle fibers and tone is decreased
LMN
68
Other UMNs originate in motor centers in the brainstem (Extrapyramidal/ Indirect Pathways) and direct _____ muscle tone, posture, balance and orientation of the head and body.
subconscious
69
The ____ is cholinergic and releases ACH that binds to nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle.
LMN
70
_____ cortex sets posture (ex. position shoulder and arm) at the start of planned movement . This area determines the overall motor plan
Premotor Cortex
71
_____ cortex activates specific muscles to execute the plan; More than half of this area is devoted to controlling the muscle of the hands and muscles of speech.
Primary motor cortex (UMN)
72
The _____ cortex is involved in organizing or planning motor sequences. Lesions of this area produce awkwardness in performing complex activities and difficulty with bimanual coordination
supplementary motor cortex
73
Axons from neurons in what 2 cortexes make up corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts?
Supplementary and Primary Motor Cortex
74
In the ___ tract Fibers originate in the Motor Cortex and the fibers descend through the internal capsule of the cerebrum.•In the Medulla Oblongata, these axons form bundles known as the pyramids. –90% of the axons decussate to the contralateral side in the medulla oblongata; distal muscles
lateral Corticospinal tract
75
In the ___ tract Fibers originate in the Motor Cortex and the fibers descend through the internal capsule of the cerebrum.•In the Medulla Oblongata, these axons form bundles known as the pyramids; The 10% that do not decussate in the medulla and these axons from the Anterior Corticospinal Tract. These fibers decussate in the spinal cord before synapsing with the LMN; proximal muscles
Anterior corticospinal tract
76
In the ____ tract, Fibers originate in the motor cortex and terminate on nuclei in the brainstem.•The following cranial nerves receive input from the corticobulbar tract:–Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), Trigeminal (CN V), Abducens (CN VI), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Accessory (CN XI), Vagus (X), Hypoglossal (CN XII)•Innervate LMN that control conscious control over skeletal muscles that move the eye, jaw, face and some muscles of the neck and pharynx.
Corticobulbar Tract
77
The _____ in the midbrain/mesencephalon receives fibers from the primary motor cortex (corticorubral tract).
red nucleus
78
The red nucleus give rise to the _____ tract , which crosses to the opposite side of the brainstem and travels alongside the corticospinal tract into the lateral columns of the spinal cord. Functions as an accessory route for transmission of signals from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord. Fibers terminate on interneurons and motor neurons of the spinal cord involved in upper limb muscle tone and movement.
RUBROSPINAL TRACT
79
The _____ tract arises from the superior and inferior colliculi (midbrain) and it regulates eye, head, neck and upper limb position in response to visual (superior colliculus) or auditory (inferior colliculus) stimuli
TECTOSPINAL Tract
80
What portion of the midbrain deals with vision?
Superior colliculus
81
What portion of the midbrain deals with hearing?
Inferior colliculus
82
The Vestibular Nuclei (in Pons and Medulla Oblongata) transmit excitatory signals through the ______ tracts to control antigravity muscles (proximal limb extensors and head/neck muscles) to maintain balance and muscle tone.
VESTIBULOSPINAL Tracts
83
_____ pathway activate axial muscle of the body (muscles of the vertebral column and extensors of the limbs). Have a high degree of background activity. Regulated by the Vestibular nuclei, cerebellar nuclei and cerebral cortex.
Pontine RS pathway
84
______ pathway is an antagonist to the activity of the Pontine RS Pathway. The medullary reticular nuclei receive strong input from the corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract.
Medullary RS pathway
85
Do the fibers of the reticulospinal pathway cross over?
No
86
UMN activity is regulated by the ______ and ____ via the thalamus
Basal nuclei and cerebellum
87
The ______ are involved in initiating and terminating movements, suppressing unwanted movements and establishing a normal level of muscle tone.
Basal Nuclei
88
____ is A Hypokinetic Disorder•Loss of Dopaminergic neurons from the Substantia Nigra that project to the Striatum, where they inhibit Cholinergic neurons. •Clinical Manifestations: Bradykinesia, Cogwheel Rigidity, Pill Rolling, Tremor, Shuffling Gate, Stooped Posture, Depression, Dementia
Parkinson’s Disease
89
_____ is A Hyperkinetic Disorder•Autosomal Dominant Genetic Disease•Loss of GABAergic neurons, resulting in reduced inhibitory output from the Striatum. •Clinical Manifestations: Chorea (multiple, rapid, random movements), athetosis (slow writhing movements), personality changes, dementia
Huntington Disease
90
The ______ is involved in monitoring differences between intended movements and movements actually performed. It issues commands to UMN to reduce errors in movements. It also coordinates body movements to maintain normal posture and balance.
Cerebellum
91
_____ diseases result in alterations in gait, balance and coordination of motor activities; not paralysi
Cerebellar
92
______: (portion of cerebellum) It sensory input from Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs via the Spinocerebellar Tracts and initiates reflex responses to adjust motor activity, as needed; Ipsilateral Unconscious Proprioception
Spinocerebellum
93
______: This part of the cerebellum receives sensory information from the vestibular apparatus (semicircular canals, otolith organs) and Superior Colliculi and Visual Cortex. It adjusts activity of Vestibular and reticular nuclei/tracts (Pontineand Medullary) to regulate position of the eyes, head, limb extensor muscles and axial muscles.
Vestibulocerebellum:
94
(portion of cerebellum) Involved in planning, organizing and coordinating motor activity. Located in the lateral zones of the cerebellum and damage results in the inability to progress from one movement to the other with complex movements. Also involved with procedural memory. Involved with planning, organizing and coordinating motor activity via regulation of the activity of the motor cortex and red nucleus.
Cerebrocerebellum:
95
____ (portion of cerebellum) receives input from the vestibular system and it adjusts the action of the Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal pathways.
Vestibulocerebellum
96
_____ tract rises from the superior colliculus (midbrain) and it causes head turning in response to sudden visual or auditory stimuli.
Tectospinal tract
97
Which cerebellar tract deals with the following structures: interposed nuclei, red nucleus, thalamus, and inferior olivary nucleus
Spinocerebellar
98
Which cerebellar tract deals with the following structures: vestibular nucleus, fastigial nucleus, reticular nucleus
Vestibulocerebellum
99
Which cerebellar tract deals with the following structures: dentate nucleus?
Cerebrocerebellum
