Nervous System 1

Question 1

One of the two major control systems of the body mediating systemic homeostatic processesmuscle contractionintegration of blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels via respiratory activityregulation of volumes and pressures in the circulation via cardiovascular and urinary functiondigestive system motility and secretion

Answer 1

Nervous System

Question 2

______ system is a quick fix to homeostatic disturbance

Answer 2

Nervous system

Question 3

____ system is slower long term maintenance

Answer 3

Endocrine system

Question 4

What are the functional units of the nervous system?

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

What are the support cells of neurons?

Answer 5

Neuroglia

Question 6

Nervous system uses a combo of ____ and _____ to communicate info around body

Answer 6

chemical and electrical signals

Question 7

_____ are stimulated by environmental changes or the activities of other cells

Answer 7

Dendrites

Question 8

____ contains the nucleus and mitochondria, and other organelles and inclusions

Answer 8

Cell body

Question 9

____ conducts nerve impulse toward synaptic terminals

Answer 9

Axon

Question 10

_____ are clusters of ribosomes in cell body

Answer 10

Nissl Bodies

Question 11

______ affect another neuron or effector organ

Answer 11

Synaptic terminals

Question 12

_____ are clusters of myelin

Answer 12

Internodes

Question 13

____ are formed by neuroglial cells

Answer 13

Internodes

Question 14

____ form myelin for axons in CNS

Answer 14

Oligodendrocytes

Question 15

____ form myelin for axons in PNS

Answer 15

Schwann cells

Question 16

Internodes separated by small segments of axon not covered in myelin called ______Function: Speed up the rate of nerve impulse conduction (Saltatory conduction)

Answer 16

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 17

(pseudounipolar neurons, bipolar)Afferent division of PNSCarry sensory information from reflex receptor to CNSDendrites/Cell body in PNSAxons typically myelinated and extend into CNS

Answer 17

Sensory Neurons

Question 18

(Multipolar neurons)Efferent division of PNSCarry motor commands from CNS to EFFECTORSDendrites/Cell body in CNSAxons typically myelinated, extend into PNS and synapse with effectors

Answer 18

Motor Neurons

Question 19

(Multipolar, Anaxonic)Found only in the CNSCarry information from one neuron to anotherIntegration

Answer 19

Interneurons

Question 20

Always the same (depolarization followed by repolarization) with no change in strength or size as they travel along the membrane–All-or-none –Triggered at Axon Hillock when Threshold Potential reached (Vm at which AP triggered; typically around -50mV))–Always propagates along cell membrane of axon from axon hillock toward axon terminals –Relatively fast changes in Vm

Answer 20

Action potential

Question 21

(Vm at which AP triggered; typically around -50mV))

Answer 21

Threshold Potential

Question 22

–Small changes in membrane potential of variable strength/amplitude –Only travel a short distance along membrane and lose strength as they travel–Often last longer than APs; Ex. IPSP and EPSP

Answer 22

Graded Potentials (GP):

Question 23

(depolarizations); moves Vm towards threshold potential; increases likelihood of AP

Answer 23

EPSPs. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Question 24

(hyperpolarizations); moves Vm away from threshold; decreases likelihood of AP

Answer 24

IPSPs. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

Question 25

Closed at resting Vm, quickly opens at threshold depolarization (Na+)

Answer 25

Voltage-gated Na channel Activation gate

Question 26

Open at resting Vm, slowly closes at threshold depolarization (Na+)

Answer 26

Voltage-gated Na channel Inactivation gate

Question 27

Single voltage gate begins to open at threshold, but is slow--delayed by the same time as the VG Na+ channel’s inactivation gate.

Answer 27

Voltage-gated K+ channel

Question 28

Voltage-gated Na channel opens at _____

Answer 28

threshold membrane potential

Question 29

Voltage-gated K channel opens at ______

Answer 29

peak of AP

Question 30

During this time it is impossible for the cell to fire another action potential. Due to all-or-none activation & the voltage-gated Na+channels’ closed inactivation gates; can't fire another AP during this point

Answer 30

Absolute Refractory Period

Question 31

During this time a larger-than-normal EPSP can elicit an action potential. Due to: Some Na+ channels resetting to resting state After hyperpolarization; can fire another AP; resets Na channels

Answer 31

Relative Refractory Period

Question 32

______ increases membrane excitability; ;depolarizes membrane potential moving closer to threshold

Answer 32

Hyperkalemia 3.5

Question 33

_____ reduces membrane excitability; depolarizes membrane and cause inactivation of VG Na channels

Answer 33

Hyperkalemia >6Mm

Question 34

_____ reduces membrane excitability; hyperpolarizes membrane further from threshold

Answer 34

Hypokalemia

Question 35

____ binds to external surfaces of Na+ channel setting their excitable state

Answer 35

Calcium

Question 36

Relating to Ca, ____ reduces membrane excitability

Answer 36

Hypercalcemia

Question 37

Relating to Ca, ____ increases membrane excitability

Answer 37

Hypocalcemia

Question 38

____ functions as an insulator on an axon; speeds up conduction velocity of AP; conserves axon energy; helps produce saltatory conduction

Answer 38

Myelin

Question 39

What are the 2 factors that determine speed of an AP?

Answer 39

Axon diameter and myelin

Question 40

____ is an autoimmune demyelination disease of the CNS

Answer 40

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 41

____ is an autoimmune demyelination disease of the PNS

Answer 41

Multiple Sclerosis