Intro Material Flashcards

(95 cards)

1
Q

Define pharmacy

A

The science of proper preparation, dispensing, and utilization of drugs

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2
Q

What should you think of when you hear pharmacokinetics?

A

ADME: absorption distribution metabolism and excretion

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3
Q

Describe dilution and succussion

A

Watered down, shaken drug given under belief that ‘like cures like’

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4
Q

Why has complementary and alternative medicine gained popularity in recent years?

A

Patients like control/autonomy, natural products

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5
Q

What is required of generic medications?

A

They must contain 80% of bioequivalency of brand name product

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6
Q

What is an orphan drug?

A

A drug that treats rare orbs cure diseases, therefore not mass produced

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7
Q

What is the strongest warning level issued by FDA?

A

Blackbox warning

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8
Q

What is the difference between an anaphylactoid and an anaphylactic drug reaction?

A

Anaphylactoid – no antibodies involved, can cause reaction on first exposure
Anaphylactic – antibodies involved, appears with second exposure

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9
Q

Define pharmacology

A

The science of drug action

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10
Q

What is a cross sensitivity?

A

Reactions to two different drugs that usually occur concurrently (for example penicillin and cephalosporins)

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11
Q

What is Stevens-Johnson syndrome?

A

A severe progression of skin rash to skin sloughing involving mucous membranes and requiring IV steroids

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12
Q

Describe the new FDA pharmaceutical classification requirements

A

Must provide info about drug effects in pregnancy, lactation, and females and males with reproductive potential

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13
Q

What is the difference between ergogenics and doping?

A

Ergogenic (noun): a performance enhancing agent

Doping (verb): ergogenic use

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14
Q

What does Sig stand for on a prescription?

A

Signa- Latin for directions

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15
Q

List characteristics and examples of C–1 drugs

A

No accepted medical use in the United States

Examples are heroin, ecstasy (MDMA), cocaine

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16
Q

List characteristics and examples of C-2 drugs

A

Cannot be called in, highest level of restriction for medicinal drugs, no refills allowed
Examples include OxyContin, morphine, Fentanyl, Percocet

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17
Q

Describe the characteristics and give examples of C-3 drugs

A

Can only be refilled five times in six months, can be called in
Examples include barbiturates

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18
Q

Describe characteristics and give examples of C-4 drugs

A

Can be called in, can only be refilled five times in six months
Examples include BZD’s (Xanax) and THC (marijuana)

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19
Q

Give a description examples of a C-5 drug

A

Pharmacy keeps a log of prescriptions Example: cough syrups containing codeine

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20
Q

What is the significance of dispense as written option on prescription?

A

If not checked, patient will be given generic by law

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21
Q

What is an example of a drug that does not have a child safety cap by law?

A

Nitroglycerin

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22
Q

How should medications be disposed of?

A

Returned to pharmacy on specified days

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23
Q

Which drug does MethCheck track?

A

Sudafed

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24
Q

What does the abbreviation ac mean on a prescription?

A

Before meals

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25
What does the abbreviation hs mean on a prescription?
At bedtime
26
What does the abbreviation c mean on a prescription?
Meals/food
27
What does the abbreviation ut dict mean on the prescription?
As directed
28
What does the abbreviation aa mean on a prescription?
Affected area
29
What does the abbreviation gtt mean on a prescription?
Drops or droplets
30
What does the abbreviation qs mean on a prescription?
Sufficient quantity; "top it off"
31
How many milliliters in a teaspoon?
5 mL
32
How many teaspoons in a tablespoon?
3 teaspoons
33
How many pounds in 1 kg?
2.2 pounds
34
How many milliliters in an ounce?
30 mL
35
How many tablespoons per ounce?
2
36
What does 0.9% normal saline mean?
0.9 g of normal saline per 100 mL
37
What is the difference between function of agonist and antagonist drugs?
Agonist stimulate receptors, antagonists block receptors
38
Would an acid/acid chemical pair be ionized or unionized? Lipophilic or hydrophilic?
Unionized, lipophilic
39
Would an acid/base chemical pair be ionized or unionized? Lipophilic or hydrophilic?
Ionized, hydrophilic
40
What kind of drug must be used to reach the placenta or to penetrate the blood brain barrier?
Lipophilic drug
41
Which organ metabolizes lipophilic drugs?
Liver
42
Which organ metabolizes hydrophilic drugs?
Kidneys
43
What should you do to an acidic drug if you want it to be excreted in urine?
Alkalinize it to give it a charge so that it becomes hydrophilic
44
Should an inhaled drug be lipophilic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic so that it remains in lungs rather than passing to bloodstream
45
Where does most absorption of PO drugs occur?
In the small intestine
46
What percentage of parenteral drugs are bioavailable?
100%
47
What is a depot drug?
A parenteral drug with a long half life
48
What is CP 450?
Cytochrome P450 is a family of enzymes in the liver responsible for degrading ingested substances
49
How long does it take for the body to eliminate a typical drug?
5 to 6 half-lives (5 to 6 hours if half-life is one hour)
50
What is the volume of distribution? How is it increased and decreased?
The extent of drug distribution in the body | lipophilic drugs have higher Vd's
51
What is the most abundant protein in the body?
Albumin
52
What is a drug steady state?
When the amount of drug entering the body equals the amount of drug exiting
53
What is the effect of plasma protein binding on drugs?
Drugs bound to plasma proteins are biologically inactive
54
What is a prodrug?
A drug that is transformed from an inactive to an active agent through hepatic metabolism
55
What is the effect of drugs on CP450 enzyme systems?
Drugs can induce or inhibit these enzymes making it a very common path to drug-drug interactions
56
What is secretion?
Movement of certain substances from capillaries (efferent arteriole) into renal tubules
57
Give an example of a drug blocking the secretion of another drug
Probenecid blocks secretion of penicillin (makes urine more acidic, unionized, and lipophilic)
58
Are urine drug screens quantitative or qualitative?
Qualitative (says whether drug is present or absent)
59
Are drugs more likely to target nicotinic receptors or adrenergic receptors?
Adrenergic: more specific targets
60
What is a way to keep an acidic drug out of the urine?
Drink vinegar to make drug nonpolar and fat soluble
61
Will an unbound drug or a drug bound to protein pass through the kidneys more easily?
And unbound drug will pass more easily due to smaller size
62
What is urea comprised of?
Two amines and one ketone
63
What effect does ammonia have on GABA?
Ammonia inhibits GABA uptake, so it prolongs its effect
64
What can happen if the CNS contains too many amines?
Encephalopathy
65
List types of vaccines in order of effectiveness
Live (most effective) – killed – conjugate – toxoids (least effective)
66
What is a bacteria that replicates intracellularly called?
Atypical bacteria
67
Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?
Inhibitory
68
What is the relationship between dopamine and acetylcholine in the CNS?
They counteract and balance one another
69
Why is it hard to treat a patient with both schizophrenia and Parkinson's?
Schizophrenia is too much dopamine in the front of the brain, Parkinson's is not enough dopamine in the back of brain
70
What are the precursors for norepinephrine and epinephrine synthesis?
Phenylalanine and tyrosine
71
What is the precursor for 5–HT (serotonin) synthesis?
L-tryptophan
72
What is the precursor for dopamine synthesis?
L–dopa
73
Why would you give l-dopa to a patient with low dopamine in the CNS?
Dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier, but L-dopa can
74
What is the precursor for GABA synthesis?
Glutamate
75
What is the precursor for acetylcholine synthesis?
Choline
76
Which neurotransmitter stimulates A1, A2, B1, and B2?
Epinephrine
77
Which neurotransmitter stimulates A1, A2, and B1?
Norepinephrine
78
Which is a more potent vasoconstrictor, epinephrine or norepinephrine?
Norepinephrine, because it does not activate B2 (a vasodilator)
79
Name an anabolic steroid
Testosterone (prednisone is NOT an anabolic steroid)
80
What is meant by the term cushingoid?
Too much steroid (eg. prednisone)
81
Give five examples of monoamines
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5-HT (serotonin), melatonin
82
What is monoamine oxidase?
MAO is an enzyme that "chews up" monoamines
83
What chews up ACH?
Acetylcholinesterase
84
What three chemicals make up the alphabet of the immune system?
Interferons, interleukins, and cytokines
85
What type of drug inhibits the COX pathway of prostaglandin production?
NSAIDS
86
What type of drug inhibits arachidonic acid production?
Steroids (prednisone)
87
What is the difference between inotropy and Chronotropy?
Inotropy – contraction strength | Chronotropy – contraction rate
88
What is the difference in function between prostaglandins and angiotensin II on the renal arteriole?
Prostaglandins keep afferent arteriole open | Angiotensin II constricts efferent arteriole
89
Compare the actions of a sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drug
Sympathomimetic stimulates sympathetic nervous system, sympatholytic inhibits sympathetic nervous system
90
What effect does a cholinergic drug have on the parasympathetic nervous system?
Cholinergics stimulate PNS
91
What effect does an adrenergic drug have on the sympathetic nervous system?
Adrenergics stimulate SNS
92
Name the actions of A-1, B-1 and B-2 stimulators
A-1: vasoconstriction B-1: tachycardia B-2: bronchodilation and vasodilation *A-1 opposes B-2
93
How many calories in one gram of carbs?
4
94
Explain how NSAIDs can lead to kidney failure
NSAIDs inhibit production of prostaglandins, causing closure of the afferent arteriole and increased creatinine
95
Why should pregnant women avoid taking NSAIDs?
They lower prostaglandins and can cause closure of the fetal ductus arteriosis