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Pharm 110 > Intro to Cells > Flashcards

Intro to Cells Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure of body parts + relationships to eachother

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2
Q

Subdivisions of anatomy

A

1) Gross anatomy- seen with naked eye
2) Microscopic anatomy- seen with microscope (cytology + histology)
3) Developmental Anatomy- changes in structure over a lifetime

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3
Q

Physiology

A

Function of body and its structure
-what structures do

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4
Q

Explain the principle of complementarity

A

Describes how anatomy + physiology are connected/ inseperable
-function depends on structure

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5
Q

Levels of structural organization

A

1) Chemical level: atoms make molecules
2) Cellular: cells are made upo of molecules
3) Tissue level: tissues are made up of similar cells
4) Organ levels: organs are made up of different types of tissues
5) Organ system level: multiple organs working together
6) Organismal level: human organism= multiple organ systems

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6
Q

What are the necessary life functions

A

1) Maintain boundaries (cellular and organismal level): keep outside outside, keep inside inside . keep distinct internal/external environments
2) Movement
3) Metabolism
4) Responsiveness: sense changes in environment + respond
5) Digestion
6) Excretion
7) Reproduction: mitosis and meiosis
8) Growth

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7
Q

Survival needs of humans

A

1) Nutrients: chemicals used for energy and cell building
2) Oxygen: oxidative rxns release energy from food
3) Water
4) Body temp
5) Appropriate atmospheric pressure: respiration

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8
Q

your body has about ___ cells in it

A

100 trillion

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9
Q

Homeostatic Control Mechanism

A

stimulus –> receptor –> afferent pathway to control centre –> signal sent out through efferent pathway –> response

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10
Q

negative feedback

A

-output turns off effect of the stimulus
-variable (response) changes in the opposite direction of initial change
-self terminating

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11
Q

positive feedback

A

-response amplifies stimulus
-outside factor shuts off cycle

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12
Q

anatomical position

A

body is standing upright/erect
face is forward
spine has slight s curve
feet apart and flat on floor
palms facing forward
thumbs point away from body

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13
Q

superior

A

toward the head

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14
Q

inferior/caudal

A

toward the feet

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15
Q

anterior/ventral

A

toward the front of body

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16
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

towards the back of body

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17
Q

medial

A

towards the midline of body

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18
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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19
Q

proximal

A

closer to origin of body or attachement point of limb to trunk

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20
Q

distal

A

farther from origin of body

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21
Q

Frontal/coronal plane

A

front/back

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22
Q

Sagittal/median plane

A

seperates left and right

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23
Q

transversee/ horizontal plane

A

top and bottom
-produces cross-section

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24
Q

two types of body cavities

A

1) dorsal body cavity: has the brain and spinal cord
2) ventral body cavity: thoracic + abdominopelvic cavity

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25
serosa/serous membrane
covers surfaces in VENTRAL body cavity double layered membrane -protects internal organs
26
Parietal serosa
lines cavity walls
27
Visceral serosa
covers organs
28
nine abdominopelvic regions
29
fluid mosaic model
biological membranes are a two-dimensional liquid -lipids and proteins move fluidly -also contains structures that are less fluid-like
30
fluid mosaic model
biological membranes are a two-dimensional liquid -lipids and proteins move fluidly -also contains structures that are less fluid-like -proteins, lipid rafts,
31
plasma membrane
75% phospholipids
32
flippases
inner membrane -concentrates with PE and PS -negative charge
33
scramblases
outer membrane -concentrates with PC and sphingolipids
34
glycolipids
sugar + lipid 5% are ONLY found on outermembrane provide energy and markers for cellular recognition
35
cholesterol
-increases membrane stability and maintains fluidity
36
Functions of membrane proteins
1) transport 2) enzyme rxns- signalling 3) receptors for signal transduction 4) intercellular adhesion 5) cell-cell recognition 6) attachement to cytoskeleton and exrtracellular matrix
37
4 types of cell junctions (ways cells communicate)
1) anchoring 2) occluding 3) channel forming 4) signal relaying
38
anchoring junctions
aka desmosomes -cell to cell or cell to matrix adhesion -linked to cytoskeleton to distrubute stress (ex skin and heart muscle) -tonofilaments, cadherins, adhesion plaques
39
occluding junctions
aka tight junctions -impermeable -forms seals between epithelial cells -prevents fluids from moving in/pout -actin, occludin, claudin ex: intestinal wall
40
channel forming junctions
aka gap junctions -allows diffiusion of small molecules -connexons
41
signal relaying junctions
ex: synapses ligands transmits signals to receptors on adjacent cells
42
simple diffusion
from high to low con -non polar substances, diffuse straight through membrane ex: O2, CO2, vitamins
43
facilitated diffusion
substances bind carrier proteins, induce confirmational change, allows passage ex: glucose, a.a, ions
44
osmosis
movement of water from high to low direction is determined by difference in total SOLUTE concentration -through aquaporins or through membrane
45
osmolarity
total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
46
tonicity
how a solution affects cell volume
47
isotonic
same solute conc vs that in cytosol no change
48
hypertonic
too much solute in solution cell shrinks
49
hypotonic
too little solute in solution cell bursts
50
active transport
uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane direct and indirect requires carrier proteins
51
symport
2 substances are moved across the membrane in the same direction
52
antiport
2 substances are moved in opposite directions
53
primary active transport
hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein, causing a conformational change
54
secondary active transport
uses an exchange pump indirectly drives the transport of solutes
55
exocytosis
moves substance from inside the cell to outside
56
endocytosis
allows large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell
57
transcytosis
moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell
58
vesicular trafficking
moving substances from one area in the cell to another
59
electrochemical gradient
results from: -ions moving down their concentration gradient (potential) -electrical effects of charges on each side of the membrane
60
resting membrane potential
-the point where K+ potential is balanced by the membrane potential outside the cell: Na+, Cl- inside the cell: proteins (negative), and K+
61
inclusion
chemical substances such as lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and pigment/melanin
62
non-membranous organelles
cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes
63
mitochondria
-double membrane structure with cristae -provides most of the cells ATP via aerobic cellular respiration -contain their own DNA (mDNA) and RNA -mDNA encodes 37 genes -
64
ribosomes
protein + rRNA -site of protein synthesis
65
free ribosomes
-make soluble cytoplasmic proteins
66
membrane bound ribosomes
make proteins to be incorporated into membranes and free vesicle granule protein (insulin)
67
ER
interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing CISTERNAE (fluid filled cavity) -continuous with nuclear membrane
68
rough ER
studded with ribosomes makes all secreted proteins responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
69
smooth ER
tubules arranged in a looping network in the liver: lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycofen and along with kidneys, detoxification of drugs in the testes: synthesis of steroid hormones intestinal cells: absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats skeletal/cardiac muscle: storage and release of Ca2+
70
golgi apparatus
stacked and flattened membranous sacs functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins
71
steps of the golgi
1) transport vesicles from the ER fuse with the CIS face of the golgi 2) proteins then pass through the golgi to the trans face 3) secretory vesicles leave the TRANS face of the golgi stack and move to the designated parts of the cell
72
lysosomes
large and abundant in phagocytes (lysosomes in phagocytes= phagosomes) -contain digestive enzymes
73
secretory lysosomes
found in white blood cells, immunce cells and melanocytes
74
peroxisomes
membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases detoxify harmful or toxic substances neutralize dangerous free radicles
75
cytoskeleton
the skeleton of the cell -dynamic and elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol -consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
76
microfilaments
-strands of helical actin -shapes, braces, and strengthens the cytoplasmic side of the PM -attach to cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and function in endocytosis and exocytosis
77
intermediate filaments
ropelike structure rigid, long, straight fibers that provide mechanical strength and resistance to shear stress
78
microtubules
hollow tubes made of tubulin determine the overall shape of the cell, distribution of organelles and intracellular transport
79
centrioles
small barrel-shaped organelles located near the nucleus -pin-wheel array of nine triplets of microtubules -organize mitotic spindle during mitosis -form the bases of cilia and flagell
80
cilia
made up of microtubules and motor molecules move substances across cell suraces
81
microvilli
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption
82
nucleus
contains the genetic material
83
nuclear envelope
encloses jelly-like nucleoplasm that contains essential solutes -outer membrane is continuous with RER -pore complex regulates transporrt of large molecules into and out of nucleus
84
nucleoli
dark staining spherical bodies within the nucleus site of ribosome RNA production
85
chromatin
threadlike strands of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%) arranged in fundamental units called NUCLEOSOMES condense into bar like bodies called CHROMOSOMES when the cell starts to divide

Pharm 110 (4 decks)

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