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Pharm 110 > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

types of tissue

A

1) nervous tissue
2) muscle tissue
3) epithelial tissue
4) connective tissue

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2
Q

tissues

A

group of cells similar in structure and function

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3
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

1- polarity
apical and basal surfaces
apical faces lumen or exterior. can have microvilli or cilia

basement membrane- anchors the epithelial layer and acts as a selective filter

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4
Q

Describe the 2 layers of the basement membrane

A

1) basal lamina
-glycoproteins and collagen secreted by epithelial cells
2) reticular lamina
-fine network of collagen and fibronectin fibers secreted by the underlying ECM

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5
Q

Other characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

2- special contacts: tight junctions ad desmosomes
3- supported by connective tissue: all epithelial sheets rest on supporting connective tissue
4-avascular but innervated: contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerves
5- regenerative: rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division

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6
Q

Classifying epithelia by # of layers

A

simple: one cell thick
-where absorption and filtration occur
ex: blood vessels, lungs

stratified: more than one layer
-common in high abrasive areas
ex: skin

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7
Q

classifying epithelia by shape

A

squamous: cells and nucleus are fl
-ex: esophagus, skin, blood vessels

cuboidal: round nucleus
-secretion and absorption
ex: kidney tubules

columnar: upright elongated nucleus
-absorption and secretion
ex: intestines

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8
Q

stratified epithelia are named according to their

A

apical surface

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9
Q

two types of simple squamous epithelia

A

1) endothelium
2) meseothelium

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10
Q

endothelium

A

inner covering
-lining for lymphatic vessels and cardiovascular system
-capillaries
-exchange of nutrients

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11
Q

mesothelium

A

middle covering
- pleura: thoracic cavity
-peritoneum: abdominal cavity
-pericardium: heart sac

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12
Q

types of simple columnar epithelia

A

1) dense microvilli
-apical surface of absorptive cells
2) goblet cells
-secrete mucus

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13
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

-cells vary in heigt
all of cells rest on basement membrane
nuclei are at different layers, gives false impression that there are several leayers

ex: non-ciliated in males sperm carrying ducts
ciliated lines the trachea

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14
Q

types of stratified squamous

A

1) non-keritanized
-moist linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina

2) keratinized
-epidermis of skin
dru

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15
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

protect areas such as ducts of sweat glands, male urethra, and mammary glands

TWO CELLS THICK and quite RAREW

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16
Q

stratified columnar

A

-limited distribution in body
-occurs at transition areas between 2 other types of epithelia
-ONLY ITS APICAL LAYER OF CELLS IS COLUMNAR

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17
Q

transitional epithelium

A

resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal
-stretches easily
ex: lines ureters, bladder, urethra

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18
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

-your skin
-exposed to air
-is a dry membrane

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19
Q

mucous membrane

A

aka mucosae
-line body cavities that open to the exterior
-for absorption + secretion
-lubricating mucus from digestive +b respiratory tracts
-urinary tract does not have secretions but mucus membrane is bathed in urine

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20
Q

serous membranes

A
  • composed of serous fluid (secretory epithelial layer) and a connective tissue layer underneath
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21
Q

gland

A

one or more cells that makes + secretes a product (secretion)

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22
Q

2 keys way to classify a gland

A

1- site of product release
-endocrine or exocrine

2- number of cells forming the gland
-unicellular or multicellular
-most multicellular glands form by invagination from the epithelium

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23
Q

endocrine glands

A

-ductless gland that secretes directly into the blood stream or into extracellular space
-secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids
-most are multicellular
-some unicellular glands can be found along the digestive tract mucosa and in the brain (called the diffuse endocrine system)

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24
Q

exocrine glands

Study These Flashcards
A

-more of them than endocrine glands
-secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
-ex: mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands, liver (secretes bile), pancreas (secretes digestive enzymes)

25
goblet cell
-unicellular exocrine gland produce mucin --> forms mucus in water -found in lining of intestine and respiratory tract
26
multicellular exocrine glands
have 2 basic feautures 1- epithelium derived duct 2- secretory unit (ACINUS) consisting of secretory cells most have supportive connective tissue surrounding the acinus, blood vessels, and nerves these components form a fibrous capsule
27
2 key ways to classify multicellular exocrine glands
1- duct structure: simple (unbranched duct) or compounds (branched duct) 2- secretory structure: structure of their secretory units ex: tubular (tubes), alveolar (flask-like) or tubuloalveolar
28
merocrine
-products are secreted by exocytosis ex: pancreas, sweat, salivary glands
29
holocrine
-products are secreted by the rupture of gland cells -sebaceous (oil) glands of skin are the only real example
30
connective tissue
-most abundant main classes are 1- connective tissue proper 2- cartilage 3- bone 4- blood
31
functions of connective tissue
-binding and support -protection -insulation (fat) -transportation (blood)
32
common characteristics of connective tissue
1- common origin -all arise from mesenchyme 2- degrees of vascularity -cartilage is avascular, dense, connective tissue is poorly vascularity and others rich in vascularity 3- extracellular matrix -connective tissue is largely non-living ECM
33
structural elements of connective tissue
1- ground substance -unstructured material that fills the space between cells and fibers 2- collagen, elastic, reticular 3- cells -fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells
34
ground substance
-molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells -usually not visible on sloides, because it is removed during the prepartion process composed of: 1) interstitial (tissue) fluid 2) cell adhesion proteins: fibronectin and laminin servce as connective tissue glue 3) proteoglycans
35
proteoglycan structure
-diverse group of glycoproteins that consists of multiple GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGs) -controls ECM volume: net (-) charge attracts H2O directly and indirectly by attracting cations (esp. Na+) -hyaluronic acid: acts as a core structure for aggregation of proteoglycans
36
3 types of fibers
-provide support 1) collagen: fibers cross-link providing strength and resist longitudinal stress 2) elastic: such as skin, lungs, blood vessels -rubber like protein called elastin 3) reticular: short fine, branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks that surrounds small blood vessels and support soft tissue of organs
37
connective tissue has both undifferentiated cells with suffix ___ and mature cells with suffix ___
blast, cyte
38
primary blast cell types are
1- fibroblasts: connective tissue proper 2- chondroblasts: cartilage 3- osteoblasts: bone 4- hematopoietic stem cells: blood
39
2 subclasses of connective tissue proper
1) loose connective tissues -areolar, adipose, reticular 2) dense connective tissues -dense regular and dense irregular
40
areolar connective tissue proper
-loose -most widely distributed connective tissue in the body -serves as a universal packing material -high content of hyaluronic acid makes ground substance quite viscous -reservoir of water and salts
41
adipose connective tissue proper
-adipocytes account for 90% of this tissues mass -matrix is scanty and cells are packed closely together -brown fat adipose cells contain abundant mitochondria, which use the lipid fuels to heat the bloodstream to warm function: provides reserve fuel, insulates, protects organs location: under skin, around kidneys, eyes, breasts
42
reticular connective tissue
-the only fibers in the matrix of reticular connective tissue are reticular fibers -forms a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells lie scattered -network supports free blood cells (lymphocytes) in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marow
43
dense regular connective tissue proper
-poorly vascularized -closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in parallel to the direction of pull -provides great resistance to tension -ligaments contain more elastic fibers than tendons and are slightly more stretchy -also forms fasscia- a fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, blood vessels, and nerves (like plastic wrap) -can be referred to as eleastic connective tissue
44
dense irregular connective tissue proper
-bundle of collagen fibers are much thicker and arranged irregularly -found where tension is exerted from many different directions -found in the skin as the leathery dermis -forms fibrous joint capsules and the fibrous coverings that surround some organs
45
cartilage
-lacks nerve fibers -avascular -receives nutrients by diffusion from blood vessels in the connective tissue membrane (perichondrium) -large amounts of GAGs, chrondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid- firmly bound to collagen/elastic fibers -matrix contains a large amount of water the movement of tissue fluid in the matrix enables 1- cartilage to rebound after being compressed 2- helps to nourish the cartilage cells
46
types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage
47
hyaline cartilage
-provides firm support with some pliability for the nose, connects the ribs to the sternum, and supports most of the respiratory system pasasges -the embryonic skeleton is formed of hyaline cartilage -skeletal hyaline cartilage persists during childhood as the epiphyseal plates -covers the ends of long bones as ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: providing spongy pads that absorb compression at joints
48
elastic cartilage
-nearly identical to hyaline cartilage except there is MORE ELASTIN FIBERS -found where strength and exceptional stretch ability are needed -part of external ear + epiglottis
49
fibrocartilage cartilage
-intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissues -rows of chondrocytes alternate with rows of thick collagen fibers -compressible and resists tension and is found where strong support and the ability to WITHSTAND HEAVY PRESSURE ex: the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and spongy cartilages of the knee
50
bone (osseous tissue)
-exceptional ability to support, protect structures, provide cavities for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells -bone matrix has collagen fibers and inorganic Ca2+ (bone salts) -osteoblasts produce the organic portion of the matrix, then bone salts are depositied on and between the fibers
51
blood
-classified as a connective tissue because it develops from MESENCHYME -rbc and wbc cells -fibers are soluble protein molecules that precipitate, forming large visbile fiberlike structures during blood clotting
52
nervous tissue
-the brain, spinal cord contains 2 major cell types 1) neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses 2) supporting cells: non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and protect
53
skeletal muscle tissue
-multinucleated -striated -voluntary movement
54
cardiac muscle tissue
-mononucleated -striated -branching -involuntary movement
55
smooth muscle tissue
-mononucleated -non striated -involuntary
56
3 defenses exerted at the body's external boundaries
1) mechanical barriers: skin and mucosae 2) cilia: of epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract 3) strong acid: chemical barrier produced by stomach glands
57
barrier penetration stimulates the body's ____ and ____responses
inflammatory response -relatively non-specific rxn that develops quicklu immune response -specific, takes longer
58
step 1 of tissue repair: inflammation
Inflammation 1- clotting occurs, surface dries and forms a scab 2- severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are released 3- local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells,, clotting protein, plasma proteins to seep into injured area
59
step 2 of tissue repair: restoration of blood supply
organization restores the blood supply 1- the clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply -fibroblasts produce collagen fibvers that bridge the gap -macrophages clear cell debris

Pharm 110 (4 decks)

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