Skeleton Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
How many adult bones
A
206, 20% of body mass
2
Q
Why do we have bones
A
-support
-protection
-anchorage/movement
-mineral & growth factor storage
-hematopoiesis
-triglyceride storage
-hormone production
3
Q
Classification of bones on the basis of shape
A
Long bones: shaft + two ends. Not dependent on size. Ex: humerus, bones in fingers
Short bones: shaped like cubes, ex: carpal (wrist) bones, ankle
Flat bones: thin, flattened, slightly curved, ex: parietal bone
Irregular bone: do not fit into other categories, ex: vertebra
4
Q
Projections
A
-type of marking
-occur on surface of bones
-attachment point for muscle
-Grow outward from bone surface
Typically attachment site for muscles or joint formation
Come outside of a flat surface
5
Q
Depressions
A
Type of marking
Passages for nerves and blood vessels
6
Q
Tubercle < tuberosity < trochanter
A
Projections
Round bumps
7
Q
Facet
A
Projections
Smooth, nearly FLAT articulated surface
8
Q
Condyle
A
Projections
Rounded articular surface
Ex: knees and elbows
9
Q
Epicondyle
A
Projection
Raised area above a condyle
Ridge next to condyle —> doesnt form the joint, just next to it
Medial and lateral
10
Q
Spine
A
Sharp, slender, pointed projection
On all vertebrae
11
Q
Head
A
Projection
Expansion of end of bone
Carried by a neck
Ex: head on arm bones. Where you find a head —> find a narrowing = that be the neck
12
Q
Ramus
A
Projection
Arm like bar of bone
Ramus= latin for branch
(Goes out)
13
Q
Fissure
A
Depressions and opening (go in)
Narrow, slit like opening
14
Q
Foramen
A
Depressions and opening
Round/oval opening through a bone
-passageway for nerves, blood vessels, other structures
15
Q
Meatus
A
Depressions and opening
Canal-like passageway
-not a hole, a longer channel
Ex: difference between a door, vs door going into hallway
16
Q
Sinus
A
Depressions and opening
Cavity /space within a bone
Hole in a bone
Ex: skull
17
Q
Fossa
A
Depressions and opening
Shallow, basin like depression in a bone
18
Q
Bones are divided into 2 groups
A
1) axial skeleton: protection, support, carrying other body parts
-encases CNS
-mid-line, in your central AXIS
2) appendicular skeleton: locomotion and manipulation
-girdles, lower limbs
19
Q
Axial skeleton
A
80 bones
3 major regions:
1) skull
2) vertebral column
3) thoracic cage
20
Q
Skull is made up of two sets of bones
A
1) cranial bones (cranium)
2) facial bones
21
Q
Cranial bones (cranium)
A
-encloses brain in cranial cavity
-provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles
-cranial vault (calvaria)
-cranial base is made up of 3 cranial fossae
22
Q
Facial bones
A
-framework of face
-anchor facial muscles
-sites of attachment for teeth and muscles
-cavities for special sense organs
-openings for air and food passage
23
Q
How many bones in the cranium
A
8 bones
-frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
24
Q
Frontal bone
A
Anterior portion of cranium
-makes up forehead
Superior wall of orbits (supraorbital margin)
-where eyebrows found superficially
Most of anterior cranial fossa
25
Parietal bones
Parietal bones are PAIRED
Superior and lateral aspects of calvaria
26
Occipital bone
Most of skulls posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa
-think eyes in the back of your head
Foremen magnum for passage of spinal cod
Articulates with 1st vertebra via occipital condyles
-joint allows you to shake your head yes
Hypoglossal canal for passage of CN XII (hypo gloss all nerve)
-for now just know theres a cranial nerve associated w this bone
27
Temporal bone
Inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial floor
3 major regions:
1) squamous region= flat part, extends to lateral wall (temples)
-have zygomatic process (cheekbones)
-contains mandibular fossa (TMJ)
2) petrous region= means hard. Big and solid
-contains mastoid process (bumps behind ya ears)
-styloid process (shaped like a pen, cant palpate it cuz got muscles covering it. Sharp. Muscles for swallowing attach to it)
3) tympanic region = by the ear, anterior to ear hole
-external acoustic meatus= the hole
The temporal bone has many openings
Contain middle and internal ear
28
Carotid canal
For internal carotid a
29
Stylomastoid foremen
For facial nerve
CN VII
30
Internal acoustic meats
For facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
31
Jugular foremen
For internal jugular v. and CN IX, X, XI
32
Mastoid air cells
Lighten skull
33
Sphenoid bone
Think about a bat
Body of sphenoid in the middle
-contains sella turcica (contains hypophyseal fossa= where the pituitary is)
Body with 3 pairs of processes
-lesser wings: contribute to anterior cranial fossae
-greater wings: in the middle
-pterygoid processes: these are feet
—> medial and lateral pterygoid plates
34
Sella turcica
Contains hypophyseal fossa
35
Passageways of the sphenoid bone
1- superior orbital fissure: for nerve that controls eye movements (CN III, IV, V1, VI)
2- optic canal: for optic nerve (CN II)
3- foramen rotundum: for trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
4- foramen ovale: for trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
5- foramen spinosum: for middle meningeal artery
-blood vessel that supplies meninges
-easiest spot to fracture
36
Ethmoid bones
-deepest skull bone
-contributes to medial wall of orbits
-superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities, 2 nasal conchae
Crista galli: attaches duramater (in midline)
Cribriform plate: for olfactory foramina (CN I)
-allows passage for nerves to smell
37
Mandible
-lower jaw
-largest, strongest bone of face
-got an angle: mandibular angle (jaw line)
-contains sockets for lower teeth
Alveolar process: holds the teeth
Coronoid process
Mandibular condyle: articulates with temporal bone
-temporomandibular joint (TMJ): only freely movable skull joint
38
Maxillary bones
-medially fused to form upper jaw, hard palate (palatine process) and central facial skeleton
-holds upper teeth in alveolar processes
-zygomatic process contributes to zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
39
Zygomatic bones
-zygomatic arch: cheekbones
-inferolateral margins of orbits
40
Nasal bones
Form bridge of nose
Attaches to nose cartilage
41
Lacrimal bones
Forms medial orbital walls
Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac
-when we have tears produced, picked up by eyes —> shunted into nose through channel in here
42
Vomer bone
Plow shaped
Lower part of nasal septum
-attaches to septal cartilage
43
Palatine bones
L-shaped bones
Make up the rest of your palate
Forms:
-posterior 1/3 of hard palate
-posterolateral walls of nasal cavity
-very small part of orbits
44
Inferior nasal conchae
Form lateral walls of nasal cavity
1) superior nasal concha
2) middle nasal concha
3) inferior nasal concha
(Conch shell has a ridge)
Has ridges that stick out
-increase turbulence for airflow
-more surface area to cool down and warm up air
45
Ossicles
Bones of middle ear
Embedded in temporal bone
46
Hyoid bone
Not a skull bone
Does not directly articulate with another bone (anchored by ligaments)
Acts as a movable base for tongue and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
Located at vertebrae level c3
47
Paranasal sinuses
Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in skull bones
Function:
-warm and humidify inspired air
-lighten skull
-enhance vocal resonance
Named after the bone where they are found
Frontal sinus, ethmoidal air cells (posterior to orbit), sphenoidal sinus, maxillary sinus
48
Major sutures of cranium
Sutures: where bones come together, not movable in adults
Coronal suture (coronal plane)
Squamous suture
Period
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
49
Coronal suture
Between parietal and frontal bones
50
Squamous sutures
Between parietal and temporal bones
Flat
51
Pterion
Between frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones
Forms an H shape
52
Sagittal suture
Between right and left parietal bones
On the sagittal plane
53
Lambdoid suture
Between parietal and occipital bones
Shaped like lambda
54
Fetal skull
Has more bones than adult skull
At birth, fetal skull is incomplete and connected by 4 fontanels (unossified remnants of fibrous membranes between fetal skull bones)
-found where sutures are
why do we want the skull to be incomplete?
-flexibility to compress the head during labour and delivery
-so brain can grow
55
Axial skeleton
80 bones
3 major regions
1) skull
2) vertebral column
3) thoracic cage
56
Vertebral column
Extends from skull to pelvis
Commonly called spine or spinal column
Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
Surrounds and protects spinal cord
Formed from 26 bones (in adult)
Serves as attachment sites for muscles of neck and back
Held in place by ligaments
57
Body of vertebrae
Disc shaped, weight bearing region
58
Vertebral arch
Composed of Pericles and laminae
Pedicles attached to body
Laminae are posterior
59
Vertebral foramina
Make up vertebral canal for spinal cord
60
Spinous processes
Project posteriorly
Process: whole thing (door)
Facet: part of it (door knob)
61
Transverse processes
Project laterally
62
Superior and inferior articular processes (with facets)
Protrude superiorly and inferiorly from pedicle-laminae junctions
63
Intervertebral foramina
Lateral openings for passage of spinal nerves
Holes between vertebrae
64
Intervertebral discs
Thickest in lumbar region, thinnest in superior thoracic region
Found in between bodies in vertebrae
Thinner the higher we go
No intervertebral disc between C1 & C2
65
Nucleus pulposus
Inner gelatinous nucleus that gives disc its elasticity and compressibility
Allows disc to move
Jelly in a jelly donut
66
Annulus fibrosis
Surrounds nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage
Annual= around
Around the outside of the gelatinous disc, stronger and supports more of the weight
(Donut in jelly donut)
67
Vertebral column
Formed from 26 irregular bones
68
Cervical vertebrae
7 bones
Neck
69
Thoracic vertebrae
12 bones
Torso
70
Lumbar vertebrae
5 bones
Lower back
71
Sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
Posterior pelvis
72
Coccyx
3-5 fused vertebrae
Tail bone
73
Curvatures of vertebral column
Increase resilience and flexibility of spine
Two posteriorly convex curvatures (primary curvatures)
- thoracic and sacral
-present at birth
Two posteriorly concave curvatures (secondary curvatures)
- cervical and lumbar
-develops once you start lifting your head and walking
74
Cervical vertebrae
Smallest, lightest vertebrae
-neck
-
75
C3 to C7 have: (closest to skull is 1, towards feet is 7)
-oval body
-bifold spinous process *hard to identify*
-transverse foramen in transverse processes: extra holes in transverse process for transmission of a blood vessel (more holes than one, its cervical). Easiest way to identify
-superior facets directly superoposteriorly
-c7 is vertebra prominens; large and palpable. Big bump on back of your neck
76
Atlas (c1)
No body or spinous process
-looks like a ring
Consists of
-anterior and posterior arches
-2 lateral masses; so it can articulate with skull
Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles
Lets us say yes: shake head up and down
77
Axis (c2)
Dens (odontoid process)
-projects superiorly into anterior arch of atlas
-pivot point for atlas rotation
Only one that has extra bonus superior mound
-allows us to rotate head and say no
Raise the eroof
78
Thoracic vertebrae
-articulate with ribs
-major markings include:
Heart shaped body
Long spinous process
Superior costal facets directed posteriorly
Demifacets (superior and inferior costal facets): articulation points for ribs
Transverse costal facets
Giraffe
Push away from body
79
Lumbar vertebrae
Short, thick pedicles and laminae
Flat hatchet-shaped spinous process
Large kidney shaped body
Superior facets directed medially
Looks like a moose
Shake hands
80
Sacrum
-consists of 5 fused vertebrae (s1-s5)
-form posterior wall of pelvis
-articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of ilium laterally
81
Coccyx
-made up of 4 (3-5) fused vertebrae
-articulates superiorly with sacrum
-serves little function (slight support to pelvic organ)
82
Thoracic cage
Functions:
- protects vital organs of thoracic cavity
-supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
-provides attachment sites for many muscles
Composed of
-thoracic vertebrae
-sternum
-ribs and their costal cartilages
83
Sternum
-breastbone
-a dagger shaped, flat bone that lies in anterior midline of thorax
3 fused bones
84
3 fused bones of the sternum
1- manubrium
2-body
3- xiphoid process
85
Manubrium
Articulates with clavicles and costal cartilages of ribs 1 and 2
86
Body
Articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2 through 7
87
Xiphoid process
Not ossified until age 40
88
Anatomical landmarks of the sternum
Jugular (suprasternal) notch
Stern also angle (level of t4/5)
Xiphisternal joint
89
Ribs
12 pairs of ribs form flaring sides of thoracic cage
All ribs attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
90
True ribs
Vertebrosternal ribs
1-7
Attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages
91
False ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs
8-10
Attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7
92
Floating ribs
Vertebral
11,12
No anterior attachment
93
Overview of appendicular skeleton
Symmetrical
Pectoral and pelvic girdles attach limbs to body trunk
Each limb has major 3 segments connected by joints
Similarities exist in upper and lower limbs
94
Pectoral girdle
Paired clavicle and scapula
-attach upper limbs to axial skeleton
-attachment site for muscles moving upper limbs
- connects with axial skeleton at manubrium
-incomplete ring posteriorly
95
Clavicle
Acts as braces to hold scapulae and arms out laterally
Smooth superior surface, rough inferior surface
Flattened acromial (lateral) end of articulates with scapula
Cone shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with sternum
96
Scapula
Situated on posterior surface of rib cage (between ribs 2-7)
Flat and triangular, with 3 borders and 3 angles
97
Anterior scapula
Coracoid process: anchors muscles and ligaments
Glenoid cavity/fossa: contributes to glenohumeral joint
Subscapular fossa: site of muscle attachment
98
Posterior scapula
Acromion: articulates with clavicle (acromioclavicular joint)
Supraspinous fossa; muscle attachment
Spine of scapula: muscle attachment
Infraspinous fossa: muscle attachment
99
Lateral scapula
100
The upper limb
30 bones
3 regions
-arm/ humerus
-forearm: radius and ulna
-hand: 8 carpal, 5 metacarpal, 14 phalanges
101
Humerus
Largest, longest, and strongest bone of the upper limb
Articulates:
-proximally: glenoid cavity
-distally: radius and ulna
102
Bones of the forearm
Radius and ulna
103
Radius
Lateral bone in forearm
Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and ulna
Contributes to wrist joint
104
Ulna
Medial bone in forearm
Forms major portion of elbow joint with trochlea of humerus
105
Pelvic girdle
2 coxal bones (os coxae) consisting of 3 fused bones
Forms bony pelvis with sacrum and coccyx
Function:
-attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments at acetabulum
-support pelvic organs
-transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
106
Ilium
Superior large flaring bone with body and ala
Posterior surface= gluteal surface
Articulates with sacrum medially (auricular surface)
4 spines
107
Ischium
Posterior-inferior part of hip bone
Greater sciatic notch
Ischial spine: attachment point for pelvis ligaments
Ischial body
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus
Ischial tuberosity: point of contact when seated
108
Pubis
Anterior portion of hip bone
V shaped with superior and inferior pubic rami
Midline: pubic symphysis
109
False pelvis
Superior to pelvic brim
110
True pelvis
Inferior to pelvic brim
111
Pelvic outlet
Bounded by pubic arch, ischia, sacrum, and coccyx
112
Pelvic brim
Defines pelvic inlet
113
Female pelvis
Tilted forward
Less bone thickness, lighter, thinner, smoother
Acetabula smaller, father apart
114
Male pelvis
Tilted less far forward
Greater bone thickness, heavier, markings
Acetabula larger, closer together
115
The lower limb
30 bones
3 regions
-thigh: 1 bone + patella
-leg: 2 bones
-foot: 26 bones
Carries body weight
116
Femur
Largest and strongest bone in body
Ball shaped head articulates proximally with acetabulum
117
Patella
Triangular sesamoid bone
Embedded in tendon that secures quadriceps muscles
Improves leverage of thigh muscles (quadriceps femoris) across knee
Protects anterior knee joint by running along patellar surface of femur
118
Tibial tuberosity
Attaches quadriceps femoris
119
Fibula
Not weight bearing
No articulation with femur
120
Tibia
Medial leg bone
Articulates with femur
Transmits body weight to foot
121
Talus
Transfers weight from tibia to calcaneus
122
Phalanges
Bones of toes
Each digits II-V have 3 phalanges
Hallux (I) has no middle phalanx
123
Metatarsals
5
Enlarged head of metatarsal I forms “ball of foot”
124
Arches of the foot
Maintained by interlocking bones, ligaments, and tendons
Allow foot to bear weight
Ligaments and muscles supporting arches allow for springiness
125
Transverse arch
Posterior metatarsals and anterior tarsals
126
Medial longitudinal arch
Calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3-cuneiforms, metatarsals 1-3
127
Lateral longitudinal arch
Calcaneus, cuboid, metatarsal IV-V
128
Round bumps
Tubercules = smallest
Tuberosity= middle
Trochanter= largest
Round bumps, not joined to articulation point
129
Cranial fossae
Depressions in the cranium
Anterior, middle, and posterior
130
Carotid canal
For interal carotid artery
-hole in temporal bone
131
Stylomastoid foramen
For facial nerve
Hole in temporal lobe
132
Internal acoustic meatus
Facial and vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve
Hole in temporal bone
133
Jugalar foramen
Hole in temporal bone
-for internal jugular vein and cranial nerves
134
Mastoid air cells
Hole in temporal bone that help lighten skull
135
Temporal bone contains ___ and ____ ear
Middle and internal
136
Slipped disc
Jelly gets squished out of donut
137
7, 12, and 5
Breakfast, lunch and dinner
138
Scoliosis
Lateral curve
139
Kyphosis
Curvature in back
140
Lordosis
Lumbar curvature expanded
