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Clinical Chem II spring > Intro to Endocrine (lect 1) > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrine (lect 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hormone

A

chemical substance that sends a message to another cell in the body

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2
Q

How are cellular messages sent to other cells in the body?

A

Via blood stream - endocrine
GI tract - exocrine
Neurolog - neurocrine
Intersistial - paracrine

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3
Q

What are a few glands covered in the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries/testes

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4
Q

Describe Amine hormone classification

A

tryptophan or tyrosine (amino acid) modified
Epinephrine (tyrosine) Melatonin (tryptophan)
Very Short Half life

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5
Q

Describe Peptide

A

unbroken chain of amino acids 50 or less
hydrophilic, dont cross membrane easily
must first bind to membrane bound receptors

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6
Q

Describe Proteins

A

chains of amino acids 50 or less
primary,secondary,tertiary structures

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7
Q

Describe glycoproteins

A

conjugate proteins bound to carbs (galac/mannose/fruct)
solubility/half life similar to protein hormones

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8
Q

Describe Steriod

A

derived from lipid/typically cholesterol
hydrophobic, must be transported in blood bound to carrier proteins
can cross membrane

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9
Q

Describe fatty acid

A

small derived from arachidonic acid
rapidly degraded and effective for only seconds

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10
Q

Describe metabolism

A

Sum fo chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life, includes catabolism and anabolism

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11
Q

T/F Hormones and all other cellular signals are not metabolized

A

false they are

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12
Q

What determins the extent to which hormones are metabolized of which they are capable of binding to receptors and eliciting intended effects?

A

Speed of catabolism (break down) and anabolism (creation)

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13
Q

What are some conditions that modify met. of hormones

A

speed of breakdown/creation
concentration of protein bound hormones will be affected by availibility to binding
cirrhosis can enhance enzymatic breakdowns

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14
Q

Describe what happens with alcohol consumption

A

increase degradation of testosterone
extended consumption - cirrhosis - less alb and binding proteins

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15
Q

What is the main two mechanisms of elimination

A

Kidney and liver

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16
Q

T/F blood passes through the kidney and is taged with certain hormones for destruction or creation of different molecules

A

false it passes through the liver

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17
Q

Describe steriod hormones

A

eliminated by inactivating metabolic pathways and excreted in urine and bile

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18
Q

Describe Thyroid hormones

A

inactivated by intracellular deiodinases

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19
Q

Describe catecholamine hormones

A

rapidly degraded within blood circulation

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20
Q

Describe fatty acid derivitive hormones

A

rapidly inactivated by metabolism and typically active for short period (seconds)

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21
Q

Briefly describe hormone transport

A

after release from endocrine, circulate in bloodstream in one of two forms:
protein bound or unbound

Free floating subject to metabolism

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22
Q

Describe solubility

A

water soluble (hydrophilic) or fat soluble (lipophilic)

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23
Q

Describe carrier proteins

A

fat-soluble hormones are transport bound to a carrier protein

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24
Q

Describe Micelles

A

enclosed packages in lipid-rich sub. with hydrophilic outerlayer and hydrophobic inner

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25
Describe negative feedback mechanisms
most common stimulus with feedback upstream to decrease production of itself ex: thyroid
26
Describe postive feedback mechanisms
control mechanism that increases stimulus recieved until a endpoint is achieved can easily go out of control ex. coag cascade
27
Describe 1/2/3 disorders
disorder of endocrine characterized by organ dysfunction, whether it has regulating gland (2/3) or endocrine gland (1) Thyroid is 1 Pituitary 2 hypothalamus 3
28
Describe other factors that affect hormone levels:
stress: well adaptive or mal adaptive Time of Day: syst regulates func through external signals mesnstration menopause food intake/diet drugs
29
Hypothalamic/pituitary function three distinct parts are?
anterior indermediate lobe posterior
30
what do post posterior arise from
diencephalon; storage and release of oxytocin and AVP
31
Briefly describe Anterior pituitary
80-90% blood supply and hypothalamus factors via hypo-hypo portal system
32
T/F Pituitary function can be detected between 7-9th week gestation
t
33
Describe lactotrophs: somatotrophs: thyrotrophs: corticotrophs: gonadotropphs:
Lacto: prolactin secreting Soma: GH secreting Thyro: TSH Cortico: ACTH Gonad: LH/FSH
34
T/F Afferent pathways to hypothalamus are integrated in various specific nucleli then resolved Efferent pathways to higher brain centers, responses are similar to specific hormone charact. by negative feedback/pulsatity and diurnal variation
t
35
Briefly describe the endocrine feedback loop
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid axis
36
Hypophyseal unit: how do anterior hormones secrete?
pulse fashion, generally regulated by neural modulation and is specific to each unit
37
What is the interpulse for males and duration?
interpulse is 55 min, for LH, duration is 40 min
38
T/F pulse frequency of hypoth hormone GnRH does not have a major effect of LH secretion
false it does
39
t/f hormone nature is cyclic
true
40
T/F many hormones are secrected in different amounts depending on time
true, this is best shown with ACTH or TSH ACTH peak 0600-0900 TSH nocturnal are 2x the day levels
41
Briefly describe pituitary tumors 20% harbor 10-30% during account for 91% enlargment seen in?
20% harbor clinically silent adenomas 10-30% in MRIs account for 91% of lesions in pts undergone transpen, surgery Enlargment seen in puberty/preg
42
What are the most clinically significant tumors of pituitary
prolactin, then null cells, then THS, GH, ACTH or gonado
43
Describe anterior pitutiary hormones larger.... either...or....
larger and more complex than those synth in hypothalamus,either tropic or direct effectors
44
Give examples of tropic vs direct effectors for anterior pituitary hormones
LH FSH TSH ACTH (tropic) IGF-1 Prolactin (direct
45
Describe growth hormone vital for ceases? what stimulates GHRH Stimulators?
vital for normal growth (pituitary) growth ceases if pituitary removed, not restored unless GH administered Somatotropin stimulates GHRH Stimulators: sleep, excerise...etc
46
Actions of GH what type of hormone transition from...w/o? direct antagonizer of? STOMA....
amphibolic hormone (cata/anabolic) transition from fed to fast state w/o shortage of substrate direct antagoner of insulin/glucose metabolism STOMATOMEDINS -IGF
47
major growth factor induced by GH is what from liver what can cross rxn w....causes? what kind of testing for .... deficiencies/pathologies?
ICF-1 from the liver ICF-2 can cross react with insulin and cause hypoglycemia Glucose testing for diagn of acromegaly/GH def
48
Briefly describe GH pulsitity based off testing...
based on dyn phys of growth hormone axis testing IGF-1 for assessing GH def and acromegaly/giagantism
49
Describe GH excess
usually tumor, before closure of long bones, gigantism after puberty classical but soft bony tissues overgrowth, enlarged hands/feet tumor ablation
50
Describe GH deficiency children: adults:
both adults and child children: growth failure, short stature adult: complete/partial failure of anterior pituitary osteoporosis seen
51
Describe Prolactin
struct similar to GH and HPL stress hormone, vital funct in relation to reproduction tonic inhibitor DOPAMINE INHIBITS PROLACTIN
52
Prolactinoma
pituitary tumor that secretes prolactin most common type of func pit. tumor
53
T/F in hyperprolactinemia greater than >150 correlates with tumor size
true
54
What must you obtain in order to eliminate primary hypothyrodismn disease causing elevations of prolactin in hyperprolactinemia?
obtain TSH/Free T4
55
Describe Idiopathic galactorrhea
lactation occuring in women with normal prolactin usually in women who have been pregnant several times, no pathological implications
56
Briefly describe hypopituitarism failure of....results in loss of... complete..... low/norm levels
failure of either pituitary or hypothalamus resulting in a loss of anterior pit. function complete loss or loss of single monotropic Low or norm levels of tropic hormone
57
T/F Both tropic and target hormones should be monitored w hypopitutiarism
true
58
Describe posterior pituitary hormones extension of? storage of? tightly linked to? synth outside of?
extension of forebrain storage of AVP/Oxytocin tightly linked to prod of neurophysin SYNTH OUTSIDE OF HYPOTHALAMUS
59
Describe Oxytocin
critical for lactation/labor positive feedback loop Pitocin - synthesized oxytocin linked to maternal bond
60
Describe AVP
regulates free water excretion in henles loop potent pressor agent, blood clotting and factor VII release diabetes insipidus

Clinical Chem II spring (16 decks)

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